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Abu Hanifa The four Imam's - Imam Abu Hanifa, Imam Malik, Imam Ahmed bin Hanbal and Imam Shafi - are the main figures who's interpretation of the Hadith and Qur’an are followed by the majority of Sunni Muslims all over the world. They are therefore of great importance to the correct practice of Islam. From the book ‘Qamus Al-A’lam’: Al- Imam Al Azam Abu Hanifa's name was Numan. His father's name was Thabit. His grandfather's name was Numan, too. He was the first of the four great imams of the Ahl as-Sunnah. Imam Abu Hanifa was a descendant of a Persian notable, he was born in Kufa in 80 (698 A.D.). He learned Fiqh with the help of Hammad ibn Abi Sulaiman. He enjoyed the companionship of many notables of the Tabiin, and of Imam Jafar as-Sadiq. He memorized innumerable Hadiths. He was brought up so as to become a great judge, but he became an imam Al-madhhab. He had a superior, and amazingly keen intellect. In Al fiqh, he attained an unequalled grade in a short time. He then became very popular all over the world. Yazid ibn 'Amr, Governor of Iraq during the time of Marwan ibn Muhammad, the fourteenth and last Umayyad Khalifah, asked Abu Hanifa to become a judge for the law-court of Kufa. But, since he had he refused his offer, for he wanted to devote his time and effort serving Islam, and had not interest in worldly pleasures. He was afraid of not being able to safeguard human rights because of human weaknesses. With a command from Yazid, he was given a whipping, hundred and ten blows to the head. His blessed face and head swelled. The next day, Yazid took the Imam out and oppressed him by repeating his offer. The Imam said, "Let me consult," and obtained permission to leave. He left to Mecca and remained there for five or six years. The 'Abbasid Khalifah Abu Jafar Mansur offered Imam Abu Hanifa to be the chief of the Supreme Court of Appeal in 150 A.H. [767 A.D.]. Again the Imam refused, and was put into jail. He was subjected to whipping, ten blows more every following day. When the number of whipping reached one hundred, he attained martyrdom. Abu Sad Muhammad ibn Mansur al-Harizmi, the third Saljuqi Sultan and the son of Sultan Alparslan), had a wonderful dome built over his grave. Afterwards, Ottoman emperors embellished and had his tomb restored several times. Imam Abu Hanifa was the first to compile and classify the Fiqh science, he collected information for each branch of knowledge. He wrote the books Fara'id and Shurut (Obligations and Conditions). There are a lot of books describing his wide knowledge on fiqh, and his amazing superiority in piety, God consciousness, mildness and righteousness. The Hanafi Madhhab (approach) spread far and wide during the time of the Ottoman Empire. It almost became the official Islamic approach of the State. Today, more than half of the Muslims all over the world follow this approach. =================================================================== Al-Battani Abu Abdallah Muhammad Ibn Jabir Ibn Sinan al-Battanial-Harrani is a great Muslim astronomer mathematician and astrologer. He was of Sabian origin. His name in Latin is Albatenius, Albategnus, or Albategni. He was born around 858 A.D. in Battan, a State of Harran. Battani received his first education through his father Jabir Ibn San'an al-Battani, who was also a well-known scientist. After this he moved to Raqqa, situated on the bank of the Euphrates, where he received advanced education and later on flourished as a scholar. He migrated to Samarra at the beginning of the 9th century, and over there he worked till the end of his life in929 A.D. He is one of the most prominent astronomers in the Islamic history. He contributed in a number of important discoveries in astronomy, which was the result of a long career of 42 years of research beginning at Raqqa when he was young. His greatest discovery is the remarkably accurate determination of the solar year as being 365 days, 5 hours, 46 minutes and 24 seconds, which is very close to the latest estimates. He found that the longitude of the sun's apogee had increased by 16°, 47' since Ptolemy. This implied the important discovery of the motion of the solar upsides and of a slow variation in the equation of time. He did not believe in the trepidation of the equinoxes, although Copernicus held it. Al-Battani pointed out with unbelievable accuracy the obliquity of the ecliptic, the length of the seasons and the true and mean orbit of the sun. He rectified several orbits of the moon and the planets and propounded a new and very ingenious theory to determine the conditions of visibility of the new moon. He proved, in sharp contrast to Ptolemy, the variation of the apparent angular diameter of the sun and the possibility of annular eclipses. Dunthorne used his excellent observations of lunar and solar eclipses in 1749 to determine the secular acceleration of motion of the moon. He also provided very clear solutions by means of orthographic projection for some problems of spherical trigonometry. In the field of mathematics, he was the first to replace the use of Greek chords by singes, with a clear understanding of their superiority. He also developed the concept of cotangent and furnished their table in degrees. Abu Abdullah Al Battani wrote a number of books on astronomy and trigonometry. His most famous book was his astronomical treatise with tables, which was translated into Latin in the 12th century and flourished as De scienta stellerum — De numeris stellerum et motibus. An old translation of this is available at the Vatican. What he wrote on astronomy was extremely influential in Europe till the Renaissance, with translations available in several languages. His original discoveries both in astronomy and trigonometry were of great help in the development of these scientific fields. ================================================================== Ibn Batuta He is Abu Abdullah Mohamed, known as IBN BATUTA, the greatest of Muslim travelers, was born at Tangier in 1304. He entered on his travels at twenty-one (1325) and closed them in 1355. No other medieval traveler is known to have journeyed so extensively like Ibn Batuta did. In an attempt to rediscover the contributions of Muslims in fields such as science, medicine, engineering, architecture and astronomy, we will try to shed more light on the life and travellings of Ibn Batuta, the great Muslim traveler. This will encourage contemporary young Muslims to strive in these fields and not think that major success is beyond their reach. Ibn Batuta, one of the most remarkable travelers of all time, visited China sixty years after Marco Polo and in fact traveled 75,000 miles, much more than Marco Polo. Yet Batuta is never mentioned in geography books used in Muslim countries, let alone those in the West. Ibn Batuta's contribution in geography is unquestionably as great as that of any geographer yet the accounts of his travels are not easily accessible except to the specialist. The omission of reference to Ibn Batuta's contribution in geography books is not an isolated example. All great Muslims whether historians, doctors, astronomers, scientists or chemists suffer the same fate. The narratives of Ibn Batuta cover various aspects of life in Bengal. He provides a geographical account of some important places he visited, such as Sudkawan, 'a vast city on the coast of the great sea', Habank 'one of the most glorious and beautiful cities', Sunarkawan, 'a very inaccessible city'. He has given accounts of some rivers he traversed, such as the Ganga (Padma), Jun (Jumna) and Nahr ul-azraq (Surma). The traveller was enamored of the picturesque landscape, the greenery and beautiful fields, water-wheels, gardens and villages on both banks of the Surma, and comments that passing through villages and orchards was like going through a mart. Ibn-Batuta provides some information on the political history beginning from the time of Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud till the assumption of sovereignty by Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah and Alaauddin Ali shah. His narratives include information on the life of Sheikh Shah Jalal (R), influence of sufi saints on both Muslims and non-Muslims, existence of slavery in Bengal, practice of magic and witchcraft by the people of Kamarupa, abundance of food grains and cheap prices of commodities of daily use. He refers to the brisk internal and external trade of this region. Ibn Batuta noticed marketplaces on the banks of the rivers and innumerable boats carrying men and merchandise. He has mentioned the practice of beating drums from every boat on the river as a signal for identifying inland merchant boats and for detecting stranger boats as a safeguard against piracy. He also mentions the sea-borne trade-links of Sonargaon with China, Java and Maldives. In view of the abundance of the necessaries of life and its soothing scenery on one hand, and the wet atmosphere and oppressive vapour bath on the other, the traveller justifies the attitude of foreigners who call Bangladesh a dozakh-i-pur az n'imat, which means an inferno full of gifts. Ibn Batuta began by traversing the coast of the Mediterranean from Tangier to Alexandria, finding time to marry two wives on the road. He stayed in Cairo for a while, and an unsuccessful attempt to reach Mecca from Aidhab on the west coast of the Red Sea, he visited Palestine, Aleppo and Damascus. He then made the pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina, traveling thence to Basra, and across the mountains of Khuzestan to Isfahan, thence to Shiraz and back to Kufa and Baghdad. After an excursion to Mosul and Diarbekr, he made the Hajj a second time, and stayed in Mecca for three years. Afterwards Ibn Batuta sailed down the Red Sea to Aden (then a place of great trade). Then he continued his journey down the African coast, visiting Mombassa and Quiloa (Kilwa) together with other places. Returning north he passed by the chief cities of Oman to New Ormuz (Hurmuz), which had about 15 years, before, c. 1315, been transferred to its famous island-site from the mainland (Old Ormuz). After visiting other parts of the gulf he crossed the breadth of Arabia to Mecca, making the Hajj (Pilgrimage) for the third time. Crossing the Red Sea, he made a journey of great hardship to Syene and thence along the Nile to Cairo. After this, traveling through Syria, he made a circuit among the petty Turkish states into which Asia Minor was divided after the fall of the kingdom of Rum (Iconium). He now crossed the Black Sea to Kaffa. His next stop was Kipchak (the Mongol khanate of Russia), and joined the camp of the reigning khan Mohamed Uzbeg, from whom the great and heterogeneous Uzbeg race is perhaps named. Among other places he visited was Boighar, he witnessed the shortness of the summer night, and desired to continue his travels north into the band of Darkness (in the extreme north of Russia). Returning to the court of Uzbeg, at Sarai on the Volga, he crossed the steppes to Khwarizm and Bukhara; thence through Khurasan and Kabul, and over the Hindu Kush (to which he gives that name, its first occurrence). Ibn Batuta was the only medieval traveler who is known to have visited the lands of every Muslim ruler of his time. The mere extent of his travels is estimated at no less than 75,000 miles, a figure which is not likely to have been surpassed before the age of steam.
