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FLUORIDE NEWS A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE ON FLU MAD SCIENTISTS
Fluoride and Bone Abstracts
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FLUORIDE & BONE
For a listing of fluoride/bone research with notes and excerpts, See http://www.orgsites.com/ny/nyscof2/_pgg2.php3
Fluoride & Bone: Clinical Trials Balena R, et al. (1998). Effects of different regimens of sodium fluoride treatment for osteoporosis on the structure, remodeling and mineralization of bone. Osteoporos Int. 8(5):428-35.
Bayley TA, et al. (1990). Fluoride-induced fractures: relation to osteogenic effect. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 5(Suppl 1):S217-22.
Brown JP, Josse RG. (2002). 2002 clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in Canada. CMAJ. 167(10 Suppl):S1-S34.
Boivin G, et al. (1993). Relationship between bone fluoride content and histological evidence of calcification defects in osteoporotic women treated long term with sodium fluoride. Osteoporos Int. 3(4):204-8.
Dambacher MA, et al. (1986). Long-term fluoride therapy of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Bone. 7: 199-205.
Fratzl P, et al. (1994). Abnormal bone mineralization after fluoride treatment in osteoporosis: a small-angle x-ray-scattering study. J Bone Miner Res 9(10):1541-9.
Gerster JC, et al. (1983). Bilateral fractures of femoral neck in patients with moderate renal failure receiving fluoride for spinal osteoporosis. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 287(6394):723-5.
Gutteridge DH, et al. (2002). A randomized trial of sodium fluoride (60 mg) +/- estrogen in postmenopausal osteoporotic vertebral fractures: increased vertebral fractures and peripheral bone loss with sodium fluoride; concurrent estrogen prevents peripheral loss, but not vertebral fractures. Osteoporosis International. 13(2):158-70.
Gutteridge DH, et al. (1990). Spontaneous hip fractures in fluoride-treated patients: potential causative factors. J Bone Miner Res. 5 Suppl 1:S205-15.
Haguenauer D, et al. (2000). Fluoride for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporotic fractures: a meta-analysis. Osteoporosis International. 11(9):727-38.
Hedlund LR, Gallagher JC. (1989). Increased incidence of hip fracture in osteoporotic women treated with sodium fluoride. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 4:223-5.
Inkovaara JA. (1991). Is fluoride treatment justified today? Calcif Tissue Int. 49 Suppl:S68-9.
Inkovaara J, et al. (1975). Prophylactic fluoride treatment and aged bones. Br Med J. 3(5975):73-4.
Kleerekoper M, et al. (1991). A randomized trial of sodium fluoride as a treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 1(3):155-61.
Kragstrup J, et al. (1989). Effects of sodium fluoride, vitamin D, and calcium on cortical bone remodeling in osteoporotic patients. Calcif Tissue Int. 45(6):337-41.
Lindsay R. (1990). Fluoride and Bone - Quantity Versus Quality. Editorial. New England Journal of Medicine. Vol. 322. No. 12. March 22.
Melton LJ. (1990). Fluoride in the prevention of osteoporosis and fractures. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 5(Suppl. 1):163-167.
Meunier PJ, et al. (1998). Fluoride salts are no better at preventing new vertebral fractures than calcium-vitamin D in postmenopausal osteoporosis: the FAVOStudy. Osteoporos Int. 8(1):4-12.
O'Duffy JD, et al. (1986). Mechanism of acute lower extremity pain syndrome in fluoride-treated osteoporotic patients. Am J Med. 80(4):561-6.
Orcel P, et al. (1990). Stress fractures of the lower limbs in osteoporotic patients treated with fluoride. J Bone Miner Res. 5(Suppl 1): S191-4.
Orcel P, et al. (1987). [Spontaneous fissures and fractures of the legs in patients with osteoporosis treated with sodium fluoride]. Presse Med.16(12):571-5.
Pak CY, et al. (1995). Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis with slow-release sodium fluoride. Final report of a randomized controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 15;123(6):401-8.
Patel S, et al. (1996). Fluoride pharmacokinetics and changes in lumbar spine and hip bone mineral density. Bone. 19(6):651-5.
Riggs BL, et al. (1990). Effect of Fluoride treatment on the Fracture Rates in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis. New England Journal of Medicine. 322:802-809.
Schnitzler CM, et al. (1990). Bone fragility of the peripheral skeleton during fluoride therapy for osteoporosis. Clin Orthop (261):268-75.
Schnitzler CM, Solomon L. (1985). Trabecular stress fractures during fluoride therapy for osteoporosis. Skeletal Radiol. 14(4):276-9.
Sogaard CH, et al. (1994). Marked decrease in trabecular bone quality after five years of sodium fluoride therapy--assessed by biomechanical testing of iliac crest bone biopsies in osteoporotic patients.Bone. 15(4): 393-99.
Vigorita VJ, Suda MK. (1983). The microscopic morphology of fluoride-induced bone. Clin Orthop. 177:274-82.
Fluoride & Bone: Animal Studies
For a listing of fluoride/bone research with notes and excerpts, click here
Bohatyrewicz A. (1999). Effects of fluoride on mechanical properties of femoral bone in growing rats. Fluoride. 32: 47-54.
Burnell TW, et al. (1986). Effect of dietary fluorine on growth, blood and bone characteristics of growing-finishing pigs. J Anim Sci. 63(6):2053-67.
Carter DR, Beaupre GS. (1990). Effects of fluoride treatment on bone strength. J Bone Miner Res. 5 Suppl 1:S177-84.
Chachra D, et al. (1999). The effect of fluoride treatment on bone mineral in rabbits. Calcif Tissue Int. 64(4):345-51.
Gedalia I, et al. (1964). Effects of estrogen on bone composition in rats at low and high fluoride intake. Endocrinology. 75: 201-205.
Giavaresi G, et al. (1999). The mechanical properties of fluoride-treated bone in the ovariectomized rat. Calcif Tissue Int. 65(3):237-41.
Lafage MH, et al. (1995). Comparison of alendronate and sodium fluoride effects on cancellous and cortical bone in minipigs. A one-year study. J Clin Invest. 95(5):2127-33.
Lundy MW, et al. (1995). Histomorphometric analysis of iliac crest bone biopsies in placebo-treated versus fluoride-treated subjects. Osteoporos Int. 5(2):115-29.
Jiang Y, et al. (1996). Effects of low-dose long-term sodium fluoride preventive treatment on rat bone mass and biomechanical properties. Calcif Tissue Int. 58(1):30-9.
Mosekilde L, et al. (1987). Compressive strength, ash weight, and volume of vertebral trabecular bone in experimental fluorosis in pigs. Calcif Tissue Int. 40(6):318-22.
Riggins RS, et al. (1976). The effect of fluoride supplementation on the strength of osteopenic bone. Clin Orthop. (114):352-7.
Riggins RS, et al. (1974). The Effects of Sodium Fluoride on Bone Breaking Strength. Calc Tiss Res. 14: 283-289.
Robin JC, et al. (1980). Studies on osteoporosis III. Effect of estrogens and fluoride. J Med.11(1):1-14.
Rockert H. (1963). X-ray absorption and x-ray fluorescence micro-analysis of mineralized tissue of rats which have ingested fluoridated water. Acta Pathologica et Microbiologica Scandinavica. 59: 32-38.
Sogaard CH, et al. (1995). Effects of fluoride on rat vertebral body biomechanical competence and bone mass. Bone. 16(1): 163-9.
Turner CH, et al. (1997). Fluoride treatment increased serum IGF-1, bone turnover, and bone mass, but not bone strength, in rabbits. Calcif Tissue Int. 61(1):77-83.
Turner CH, et al. (1996). High fluoride intakes cause osteomalacia and diminished bone strength in rats with renal deficiency. Bone. 19(6):595-601.
Turner CH, et al. (1992). The effects of fluoridated water on bone strength. J Orthop Res. 10(4):581-7.
Turner RT, et al. (1989). The effects of fluoride on bone and implant histomorphometry in growing rats. J Bone Miner Res. 4(4):477-84.
Uslu B. (1983). Effect of fluoride on collagen synthesis in the rat. Res Exp Med (Berl). 182(1):7-12.
Wolinsky I, et al. (1972). Effects of fluoride on metabolism and mechanical properties of rat bone. American Journal of Physiology. 223(1): 46-50.
Fluoridation/Hip fracture Studies
For a listing of fluoride/bone research with notes and excerpts, click here
a) Studies reporting association between fluoridated water (< 1.2 ppm fluoride) & hip fracture.
a) Cooper C, et al. (1990). Water fluoride concentration and fracture of the proximal femur. J Epidemiol Community Health 44: 17-19.
b) Cooper C, et al. (1991). Water fluoridation and hip fracture. JAMA 266: 513-514 (letter, a reanalysis of data presented in 1990 paper). (See letter)
Danielson C, et al. (1992). Hip fractures and fluoridation in Utah's elderly population. Journal of the American Medical Association 268(6): 746-748.
Hegmann KT, et al. (2000). The Effects of Fluoridation on Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD) and Hip Fractures. Abstract #71, of the 33rd Annual Meeting of the Society For Epidemiological research, June 15-17, 2000. Published in a Supplement of Am. J. Epid. P. S18.
Jacobsen SJ, et al. (1992). The association between water fluoridation and hip fracture among white women and men aged 65 years and older; a national ecologic study. Annals of Epidemiology 2: 617-626.
Jacobsen SJ, et al. (1990). Regional variation in the incidence of hip fracture: US white women aged 65 years and olders. J Am Med Assoc 264(4): 500-2.
a) Jacqmin-Gadda H, et al. (1995). Fluorine concentration in drinking water and fractures in the elderly. JAMA. 273: 775-776 (letter). (See letter)
b) Jacqmin-Gadda H, et al. (1998). Risk factors for fractures in the elderly. Epidemiology 9(4): 417-423. (An elaboration of the 1995 study referred to in the JAMA letter).
Keller C. (1991) Fluorides in drinking water. Unpublished results. Discussed in Gordon, S.L. and Corbin, S.B,(1992) Summary of Workshop on Drinking Water Fluoride Influence on Hip Fracture on Bone Health. Osteoporosis Int. 2: 109-117.
Kurttio PN, et al. (1999). Exposure to natural fluoride in well water and hip fracture: A cohort analysis in Finland. American Journal of Epidemiology 150(8): 817-824.
May DS, Wilson MG. (1992). Hip fractures in relation to water fluoridation: an ecologic analysis. Unpublished data, discussed in Gordon SL, and Corbin SB. (1992). Summary of Workshop on Drinking Water Fluoride Inflruenbce on Hip Fracture on Bone Health. Osteoporosis Int. 2:109-117.
Suarez-Almazor M, et al. (1993). The fluoridation of drinking water and hip fracture hospitalization rates in two Canadian communities. Am J Public Health. 83: 689-693.
The authors of this study conclude there is no association between fluoridation and hip fracture. However, their own data reveals a significant increase in hip fracture for men living in the fluoridated area. According to the study, "although a statistically significant increase in the risk of hip fracture was observed among Edmonton men, this increase was relatively small (RR=1.12)."
b) Studies reporting association between water-fluoride levels higher than fluoridated water (2 to 5 ppm) & hip fracture.
Alarcon-Herrera MT, et al. (2001). Well Water Fluoride, Dental fluorosis, Bone Fractures in the Guadiana Valley of Mexico. Fluoride 34(2): 139-149.
Li Y, et al. (2001). Effect of long-term exposure to fluoride in drinking water on risks of bone fractures. J Bone Miner Res.16(5):932-9.
Sowers M, et al. (1991). A prospective study of bone mineral content and fracture in communities with differential fluoride exposure. American Journal of Epidemiology 133: 649-660.
c) Studies reporting no association between fluoridated water & hip fracture:
(Note that in 3 of these 9studies, an association was found between fluoride and some form of fracture - i.e. distal forearm, even hip. See notes and quotes below.)
Arnala I, et al. (1986). Hip fracture incidence not affected by fluoridation. Osteofluorosis studied in Finland. Acta Orthop Scand. 57: 344-348.
Cauley J. et al. (1995). Effects of fluoridated drinking water on bone mass and fractures: the study of osteoporotic fractures. J Bone Min Res 10(7): 1076-86.
Feskanich D, et al. (1998). Use of toenail fluoride levels as an indicator for the risk of hip and forearm fractures in women. Epidemiology 9(4): 412-6.
While this study didn't find an association between water fluoride and hip fracture, it did find an association - albeit non-significant 1.6 (0.8-3.1) - between fluoride exposure and elevated rates of forearm fracture.
Hillier S, et al. (2000). Fluoride in drinking water and risk of hip fracture in the UK: a case control study. The Lancet 335: 265-2690.
Jacobsen SJ, et al. (1993). Hip Fracture Incidence Before and After the Fluoridation of the Public Water Supply, Rochester, Minnesota. American Journal of Public Health. 83: 743-745.
Karagas MR, et al. (1996). Patterns of Fracture among the United States Elderly: Geographic and Fluoride Effects. Ann Epidemiol. 6 (3): 209-216. (See abstract | See critique of study)
As with Feskanich (1998) this study didn't find an association between fluoridation & hip fracture, but it did find an association between fluoridation and distal forearm fracture, as well as proximal humerus fracture. "Independent of geographic effects, men in fluoridated areas had modestly higher rates of fractures of the distal forearm and proximal humerus than did men in nonfluoridated areas." Lehmann R, et al. (1998). Drinking Water Fluoridation: Bone Mineral Density and Hip Fracture Incidence. Bone. 22: 273-278.
Madans J, et al. (1983). The relationship between hip fracture and water fluoridation: an analysis of national data. Am J Public Health 73: 296-298.
Phipps KR, et al. (2000). Community water fluoridation, bone mineral density and fractures: prospective study of effects in older women. British Medical Journal. 321: 860-4. (See abstract | See Study | See BMJ letter responding to study| See critique of study )
As with Feskanich (1998) and Karagas (1996), this study didn't find an association between water fluoride & hip fracture, but it did find an association between water fluoride and other types of fracture - in this case, wrist fracture. "There was a non-significant trend toward an increased risk of wrist fracture."
See also:
Bernstein DS, et al. (1966). Prevalence of osteoporosis in high- and low-fluoride areas in North Dakota. JAMA. 198: 499-504. (See abstract & critique)
Lee JR. (1993). Fluoridation & Hip Fracture. Fluoride. 26(4): 274-277. (See paper)
National Research Council. (1993). Fluoride Exposure and Risk of Bone Fracture. In: Health effects of ingested fluoride. Report of the Subcommittee on Health Effects of Ingested Fluoride. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Chapter 3. (See chapter)
Fluoride Concentrations in Bone
Alhava EM, et al. (1980). The Effect of Drinking Water Fluoridation on the Fluoride Content, Strength and Mineral Density of Human Bone. Acta Orthop Scand. 51: 413-420.
Arnala I, et al. (1985). Effects of fluoride on bone in Finland. Histomorphometry of cadaver bone from low and high fluoride areas. Acta Orthop Scand. 56(2):161-6.
Call RA, et al. (1965). Histological and chemical studies in man on effects of fluoride. Public Health Reports. 80: 529-538.
Charen J, et al. (1979). Bone fluoride concentrations associated with fluoridated drinking water. Calcif Tissue Int. 27(2):95-9.
Eble DM, et al. (1992). Fluoride concentrations in human and rat bone. Journal of Public Health Dentistry. 52: 288-291.
Glock GE, et al. (1941). The retention and elimination of fluoride in bones. Biochemical Journal. 35: 1235-1239.
Hefti A, Marthaler TM. (1981). Bone fluoride concentrations after 16 years of drinking water fluoridation. Caries Res. 15(1):85-9.
Jackson D, Weidman SM. (1958). Fluorine in human bone related to age and the water supply of different regions. J. Path. Bact. 76: 451-459.
Kuo HC, Stamm JW. (1974). Fluoride levels in human rib bone: a preliminary study. Can J Public Health. 65(5):359-61.
Parkins FM, et al. (1974). Relationships of human plasma fluoride and bone fluoride to age. Calcif Tiss Res. 16: 335-338.
Richards A, et al. (1994). Normal age-related changes in fluoride content of vertebral trabecular bone - Relation to bone quality. Bone. 15: 21-26.
Smith FA, et al. (1953). Age increase and fluoride content in human bone. (Abstract). Federation Proc. 12: 368.
Stein ID, Granik G. (1980). Human vertebral bone: Relation of strength, porosity, and mineralization to fluoride content. Calcif Tissue Int. 32: 189-194.
Sogaard CH, et al. (1994). Marked decrease in trabecular bone quality after five years of sodium fluoride therapy--assessed by biomechanical testing of iliac crest bone biopsies in osteoporotic patients.Bone. 15(4): 393-99.
Wix P, Mohamedally SM. (1980). The significance of age-dependent fluoride accumulation in bone in relation to daily intake of fluoride. Fluoride. 13: 100-104.
Zipkin L, et al. (1958). Fluoride deposition in human bones after prolonged ingestion of fluoride in drinking water. US Public Health Rep. 73:732-740.
Factors which increase accumulation of fluoride in bone
Kidney problems
Adams PH, Jowsey J. (1965). Sodium Fluoride in the Treatment of Osteoporosis and Other Bone Diseases. Annals of Internal Medicine. 63(6): 1151-1155.
Arnala I, et al. (1985). Effects of fluoride on bone in Finland. Histomorphometry of cadaver bone from low and high fluoride areas. Acta Orthop Scand. 56(2):161-6.
Call RA, et al. (1965). Histological and chemical studies in man on effects of fluoride. Public Health Reports. 80: 529-538.
Gerster JC, et al. (1983). Bilateral fractures of femoral neck in patients with moderate renal failure receiving fluoride for spinal osteoporosis. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 287(6394):723-5.
Hefti A, Marthaler TM. (1981). Bone fluoride concentrations after 16 years of drinking water fluoridation. Caries Res. 15(1):85-9.
Juncos LI, Donadio JV Jr. (1972). Renal failure and fluorosis. Journal of the American Medical Association. 222(7):783-5.
Linsman JF, McMurray CA. (1943). Fluoride osteosclerosis from drinking water. Radiology. 40: 474- 484.
Noel C, et al. (1985). [Risk of bone disease as a result of fluoride intake in chronic renal insufficiency]. (Article in French). Nephrologie. 1985;6(4):181-5.
Turner CH, et al. (1996). High fluoride intakes cause osteomalacia and diminished bone strength in rats with renal deficiency. Bone. 19(6):595-601
Welsch M, et al. (1990). [Iatrogenic fluorosis. 2 cases] Therapie. 45(5):419-22.
Nutritional Deficiencies
Beary DF. (1969). The Effects of Fluoride and Low Calcium on the Physical Properties of the Rat Femur. Anat Rec. 164: 305-316.
Jowsey J, et al. (1972). Effect of combined therapy with sodium fluoride, vitamin D and calcium in osteoporosis. Am J Med. 53(1):43-9.
Li G, Ren L. (1997). [Effects of excess fluoride on bone turnover under conditions of diet with different calcium contents] [Article in Chinese] Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi. 26(5):277-80.
Likimani S, et al. (1992). The effects of protein deficiency and fluoride on bone mineral content of rat tibia. Calcif Tissue Int. 50(2):157-64.
Marier JR, et al. (1963). Accumulation of Skeletal Fluoride and its Implications. Archives of Environmental Health. 6: 664-671.
Riggins RS, et al. (1976). The effect of fluoride supplementation on the strength of osteopenic bone. Clin Orthop. (114):352-7.
Riggins RS, et al. (1974). The Effects of Sodium Fluoride on Bone Breaking Strength. Calc Tiss Res. 14: 283-289.
Teotia M, Teotia SP, Singh KP. (1998). Endemic chronic fluoride toxicity and dietary calcium deficiency interaction syndromes of metabolic bone disease and deformities in India: year 2000. Indian J Pediatr. 65(3):371-81.
