Gerald E. Aardsma was born in Garden City, New York and grew up in a pastor’s home, and became a Christian at an early age. His search to correlate the data of science with the Bible during high school and university was profoundly influenced by The Genesis Flood.

Dr. Aardsma earned a Bachelor of Science Degree in Physics in 1978 and a Master of Science Degree both in Physics in 1979. He received his Ph.D. in Nuclear Physics from the University of Toronto in 1984 for research in accelerator mass spectrometry. He spent two years as a NSERC Postdoctoral Fellow at Toronto and the University of Guelph. He worked at the Institute for Creation Research from 1987 to 1994 as a Research Coordinator and Assistant Professor of Physics. His research revolved around the chronological difficulties, which exist between the Old Testament and modern science.

Benjamin L. Aaron M.D.

Dr. Aaron is Professor Emeritus of Surgery at George Washington University and Chief of Cardio thoracic Surgery at the George Washington University Hospital in Washington D. C. He received his Pre-Med Degree in 1954 (Phi Beta Kappa) from the University of Missouri and his M.D. in 1958 (Alpha Omega Alpha) from the University of Texas, and has held post-doctoral fellowships at the Medical College of Virginia and the University of Alabama. Dr. Aaron did his internship and residency at the Naval Hospital, Oakland, California in Rotating General Surgery 1958 to 1964 and at the Naval Hospital, New York in Thoracic Surgery from 1966 to 1968. Dr. Aaron was certified by the American Board of Surgery in 1965 and certified by the American Board of Thoracic Surgery in 1968. Benjamin was Chief of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Naval Hospital, Portsmouth, Virginia from 1968 to 1973, Assistant Chief, Cardio thoracic Surgery, National Naval Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland from 1974 to 1976, Chairman of the Department of Cardio thoracic Surgery, Naval Regional Medical Center, San Diego, California from 1976 to 1979, and former Director, Cardio thoracic Surgery, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington D.C until he retired in 1980 as Consultant, Thoracic Surgery, National Naval Medical Center in 1980.

Dr. Aaron was Assistant Professor at George Washington University from 1974 to 1976. He was Assistant Clinical Professor at the University of California, San Diego Medical School from1976 to 1979. He was Associate Professor of Surgery at George Washington University from 1979 to 1983. From 1983 to 1996 and currently he is Professor of Surgery and Professor Emeritus at George Washington University. He was Past Governor of the American College of Chest Physicians and Member of the Council on Cardiovascular Surgery, ACCP, Member of the Council on Cardiovascular Surgery of the American Heart Association and a Fellow of the American College of Cardiology.

Dr. Aaron had a distinguished career in the Medical Services of the United States Navy retiring with rank of Captain. He is probably best known for heading the surgical team who operated on President Reagan after the attempted assassination in 1981. Dr. Aaron also performed current Vice President Dick Cheney’s bypass operation in 1988. The Book “Operation Rawhide” (Mount Kisco, N.Y.: Futura Pub. Co., 1987) written by Paul Thomson and was a fictionalized account of the attempt to assassinate President Reagan in 1981, focusing on the life-saving thoracic surgery performed by the doctor who relied on his medical skills and faith in God.

Donald Abb M.S.

Donald Abb has a Bachelor of Science Degree in Biology, Delaware Valley College, Doylestown, Pennsylvania (1965) and a Master of Science Degree in Zoology, Southern Illinois University (1967). He was a certified teacher and Principal for twelve years and was a member of the Biology Department at King’s College in New York from 1967 to 1977. Abb is a member of the American Society of Mammalogists, the American Ornithologists Union, and the Association of Christian Schools International.

Charles J. Abei

Dr. Abei is Professor Emeritus at Ohio Valley College, serving from 1964 to 1998. He was Academic Dean there from 1970 to 1985.

Paul D. Ackerman Ph.D.

Paul Ackerman is Assistant Chairperson since 1990 and Assistant Professor of Psychology since 1968 in the Psychology Department at Wichita State University. Dr. Ackerman received his Bachelor of Arts in 1964, his Master of Arts in 1966, and his Ph.D. in Social Psychology in 1968, all from the University of Kansas. His specialty is behaviorism. He has been involved in the Creation/Evolution controversy since the mid-1970s.

In 1978 he helped found the Creation Social Science and Humanities Society and served as its President until the society disbanded in 1994. He also served as Editor of the society’s quarterly journal during those years. He is the author of three books and numerous articles on creation related topics. His latest book is Kansas Tornado: 1999 Kansas Science Curriculum Standards Battle.

Prof. Ackerman has developed several experimental computer software applications for educational use. The focus is different from most of the work being done in that the goal is not the use of the computer as a reference and access tool, but rather as a tool to enhance human performance in interactive settings distinct from the computer interface.

Prof. Ackerman was awarded a Federal Research Grant of $72,446 from the Health Education and Welfare (HEW), Office of Child Development, Children’s Bureau, from 1972 to 1975 on “Story repetition and language development.” From 1982 to 1983 he was given the Wichita State University Liberal Arts and Sciences Teaching Improvement Committee (LASTIC) award for excellence in teaching.

Donald O. Acrey Sr. B.S. (July 25, 1925 -)

Donald O. Acrey Sr. received his Bachelor of Science Degree in Geology from Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas in 1949. He was a consulting geophysicist in the petroleum exploration industry until his retirement in 1986. He is a 50 year Emeritus Member of the Society of Exploration Geophysicists.

As a result of his article entitled “The Origin of the Earth” published in the August 21, 1963 issue of the Baptist Standard (a weekly publication of the Southern Baptist Convention), he was contacted by Dr. Thomas G. Barnes of the University of Texas at El Paso to consider joining a group of like-minded scientists from various disciplines to promote the publication of creationist research.

The late Dr. Walter E. Lammerts asked him to become a charter member of an organization being put together by a “committee of ten” in the fall of 1963, which became the Creation Research Society. Correspondence with Dr. Lammerts regarding the conversion of energy into mass, the relation of the speed of light to apparent great distances to the farthest galaxies, and Lammert’s desire to investigate “the idea of the creation of apparent age” all led to his paper in the first Creation Research Society Quarterly (July, 1964) titled “On the Origin of the Universe.” Dr. Lammerts conceived a universe created with light waves and photons from the stars as a “going concern”.

When the Creation Research Society passed the sixtieth new member, Dr. Lammerts asked Mr. Acrey to serve on the Creation Research Society Editorial Board on February 13, 1964 with Lammerts and five others. Acrey served on the Board until 1978, when he asked to be replaced due to health problems. Donald also reviewed geological and geophysical papers.

For over thirty years Acrey spoke to church and youth groups, a ministerial association, a textbook group, and a local television station on creationist matters. Letters to Editors and Opinion Pages in newspapers was also an avenue he used to convey creationist information.

Rush K. Acton (M.D.)

Dr. Rush K. Acton is a prominent surgeon, also on the faculty of the University of Miami Medical School. In addition to his practice as an orthopedic surgeon, Dr. Acton is Clinical Associate Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery, and Clinical Associate Professor of Anatomy at the University of Miami. He is a Diplomate of the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgeons and a Fellow of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.

Captain Bernard Acworth (1885 - 1963)

D.S.O., R.N. Captain Bernard Acworth was a founder of the Evolution Protest Movement. He published articles, critical of evolution in <|>The Spectator, The National Review, & Discovery.Acworth lectured at the Philosophical Society of Great Britain (the Victoria Institute). He developed the Asdic sonar device (who's who)and was a naturalist and a military man for years.

Bob Adickes

He is a science teacher in the Phoenix area.

Theodore E. Agard Ph.D.

Dr. Agard formerly served as Radiation Medical Physicist with Kettering Medical Center, Kettering, Dayton, Ohio. He is a former Director of Medical Physics at Flower Hospital Oncology Center, Ohio. He holds a Bachelor of Science Degree with first class Honors in Physics from the University of London, a Master of Science Degree in Physics from the Middlesex Hospital Medical School at the University of London, and a Ph.D. in Physics from the University of Toronto. Prior to his appointment to Flower Hospital, he was Chief Physicist and Associate Professor in Radiotherapy at the Medical College of Ohio in Toledo, Ohio. He has held academic positions at the University of Puerto Rico and the University of West Indies, Trinidad. In 1993 he was elected to the National Board of Directors of the Health Physics Society.

Stephen J. Ahn B.A., B.S.

Stephen Ahn received his Bachelor of Arts Degree in Theology from the Logos Theological Seminary in Seoul, Korea in 1981. After he immigrated to the United States, he received a Bachelor of Science Degree in Meteorology from San Jose State University in San Jose, California in 1989 and completed numerous graduate courses at UCLA and USDA. He has worked for the National Weather Service for almost 11 years as a Meteorologist and recently accepted a job from the U.S. Navy in Japan.

David Aikman Ph.D. (June 6, 1944 -)

David Aikman, a world-renowned journalist, became a household word in international journalism through his many years with Time magazine. He was born in Surrey, England, attended Stowe School in Bucks, England from 1957 to 1962 on a scholarship. David received a Bachelor of Arts Degree in 1965 with honors in Russian and French from Worcester College, Oxford. He later came to the United States, became a U.S. citizen, and earned a Master of Arts Degree in 1968 in Central Asian languages from the University of Washington in Seattle (1966 to 1971) and his Ph.D. in Russian and Chinese History from the University of Washington in Seattle in 1979. His Dissertation was titled “The Role of Atheism in the Marxist Tradition.” Aikman joined Time in 1971 in the New York Bureau. From 1971 to 1972 he was Correspondent in New York and Washington Bureaus. He covered Western and Southern White Houses of President Nixon, and also reported the entry of the People’s Republic into the United Nations and first tour of the United States by any Chinese group. He reported from Washington before becoming correspondent in Hong Kong (1972-1976). He covered China, Taiwan, and all of South-East Asia, and reported in detail on leadership changes during and after Mao Zedong’s death. Aikman also reported from Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos during the last three years of the Indochina War, the India, Burma, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore. He was the last Time Correspondent to leave Phnom Penh, Indochina, and ten days before arrival of Khmer Rouge. Dr. Aikman witnessed the takeover of Laos by Pathet Lao forces in August 1975, and reported arrival of the first Vietnamese airlift refugees in the Philippines and Guam in April of 1975. Aikman was one of the first Western reporters to interview Khmer Communist leader Khieu Samphan (in Sri Lanka) after reports of Khmer Rouge atrocities From 1977 to 1978 Aikman was Bureau Chief for Time, in Eastern Europe (based in West Berlin). He covered the emergence of Charter 77 dissident movement in Czechoslovakia, the intellectual origins of the Polish Solidarity movement, and events throughout the bloc. Dr. Aikman also wrote a Time Essay in 1978 excoriating Khmer Rouge atrocities (before the Vietnamese invaded Cambodia and confirmed archeologically the Khmer Rouge record). From 1978 to 1980, Dr. Aikman was Staff Writer for Time Magazine, writing for the World International and Nation Sections, and for American Scene. From 1980 to 1982 as Bureau Chief for Time in Jerusalem, he covered Begin’s premiership, including the raid on the Iraqi nuclear reactor, Begin’s second electoral victory, Israeli withdrawal from the Sinai, the war in Lebanon, the emergence of the religious and political conservatives, and Arab leadership in the West Bank and Gaza. He was responsible for a total of eleven Time cover stories in 15 weeks, a record for any Time bureau. From 1982 to 1985 Aikman was Bureau Chief for Time Magazine in Beijing, China, covering all aspects of the Deng Xiaoping reform program, with a special emphasis on the intellectual and cultural changes. He also reported the visit of President Reagan to China in 1984, the Sino-Vietnamese border hostilities in 1983, the rise of China’s military machine in 1984, and China’s fast-growing Christian community. From 1985 to 1988 and 1990 to July of 1994 Aikman was the State Department Correspondent for Time, Washington Bureau, responsible for reporting and interpreting U.S. foreign policy He traveled with U.S. Secretary of State George Shultz to the Soviet Union, Australia and East Asia, Africa, and Europe. Aikman was Acting Bureau Chief in Moscow from April to May 1986 during the Chernobyl nuclear disaster. He reported three consecutive Time Man-Of-The-Year cover stories on Deng Xiaoping in 1985, Corazon Aquino in 1986 and Mikhail Gorbachev in 1987. His research on Gorbachev led to his co-authorship of Gorbachev: An Intimate Biography in 1988. From January to August of 1988 Dr. Aikman was on Sabbatical Leave, writing, teaching, lecturing, and interviewing for the BBC Television-Documentary on United States Elections. In May of 1989, Aikman had the first American news organization interview with Alexander Solzenitsyn in more than ten years; in June he was an eyewitness to Tiananmen Massacre in China, and to the Czechoslovak ‘Velvet Revolution’ in November. With other Time correspondents and writers, he co-authored Massacre in Beijing in 1989. From September of 1990 to 1993, Aikman reported from North Africa and the Middle East on Islamic fundamentalism, from Saudi Arabia on build-up to Desert Storm, from Russia and the Soviet Central Asia (the only Western reporter to cover the 1990 Tajikistan revolt) on Soviet Islam. He was the only Western reporter to interview Boris Yeltsin in Moscow, then accompanied him around the U.S. in 1989 and 1991, and traveled on his election campaign plane in June of 1991. In the spring of 1993, Aikman covered in Moscow, the Russian constitutional crisis and events before April referendum. In China, he reported on China’s emerging superpower status, on students returned from the U.S., and China’s underground church. He has interviewed numerous leaders and Nobel laureates, including Manuel Noriega, Mother Teresa, Boris Yeltsin, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Billy Graham and Pham Van Dong. Before he left Time in July 1994 to pursue full-time writing, speaking, television, and other activities, he had reported from five continents and nearly 60 countries. His television appearances include on CNN, on NBC’s “Today Show”, on NET programs in Washington as guest and host, on C-Span, CBN News, and CBC. He has been guest co-host on six occasions on CBN’s “700 Club” program. In 1988 he collaborated with the BBC’s “Everyman” Series on a documentary chronicling the political campaigns of the two most visible “religious” candidates in U.S. presidential election primaries, Pat Robertson and Jesse Jackson. As both an author and specialist and eyewitness to events in key areas of the world, Aikman has been a frequent speaker at university, civic, and business functions. His Great Souls book and television project documented the views of the greatest living personalities of the 20th century. In September 1997, his cover story “The Laogai Archipelago,” was the most detailed journalistic account to date of China’s prison and labor camp system. David Aikman currently is a contributor to the American Spectator, the Weekly Standard, and the Reader’s Digest in Washington, and is a regular monthly columnist for Charisma Magazine. A Senior Fellow at Washington’s Ethics and Public Policy Center, he is also a frequent commentator on Voice of America’s Issues in the News and has been host of National Empowerment Television’s Headlines and Deadlines. He was a consultant and on-camera commentator for NBC’s coverage of Britain’s return to Hong Kong to Chinese sovereignty in July of 1997. Aikman was a recipient of the 1988 President’s Award of the Overseas Press Club in May of 1989 on behalf of the Journalist’s Committee to Free Terry Anderson, of which he was founder and chairman. He was the Recipient of the 1997 Christian Journalist Award, Regency University, Virginia and interviewed in the article “Pressing On” in Creation Magazine 19:4 (September- November 1997)

Russell G. Akridge Ph.D.

Russell Akridge earned his Bachelor of Science Degree in Physics from the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, Georgia in June of 1962. He earned his Master of Science Degree in Physics from the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, Georgia in June of 1963. His M.S. Physics Lab thesis was “Perturbation of the Periodic Quantum Harmonic Oscillator”. He then completed 12 semester hours in Physics, philosophy, and history from the University of Delaware. He received his Th.M. in Theology with honors in Greek and Hebrew from the New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary, New Orleans, Louisiana in June of 1970 and his Ph.D. in Physics from the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, Georgia in December of 1975. His Ph.D. Physics Thesis Dissertation was “The Mobility and Diffusion of Potassium Ions in Gases.” He has also completed thirty quarter hours of Education and finance courses from Kennesaw College in Marietta, Georgia.

From June of 1963 to June of 1967Akridge was Naval Nuclear Power Instructor at Officer’s Naval Nuclear Power School in Bainbridge, Maryland. The courses he taught included Physics Reactor Physics Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow Reactor Core Calculations. His Administrative duties included Head of the Department of Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow, one year as head of the Department of Physics and Reactor Physics.

Akridge was also Adjunct Professor of Physics at Louisiana State University in New Orleans, Louisiana. He taught Physics from January until June of 1970 and graduate level Math and Physics at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, Georgia from September of 1970 until September of 1973. As Graduate Research Assistant in the Low Energy Atomic Collisions Laboratory at the Georgia Institute of Technology from June of 1963 until December of 1975 he operated and maintained the atomic collisions drift tube in collaboration with several other research assistants, and collect and analyzed time-of-flight, multi-channel data for ion-gas mobility and diffusion properties.

Akridge was also Associate Professor of Physics from 1976 to 1980 at Oral Roberts University in Tulsa, Oklahoma. He taught Calculus-based and trigonometry-based physics, Physical Science, and Modern Physics. Administrative responsibilities included Physical Science Group Leader, and to design and equip the Modern Physics Laboratory. Akridge was also an instructor at Kennesaw College in Marietta, Georgia teaching physics courses from March 1990 to June 1993 and was Associate Professor of Physics in the Department of Biological and Physical Sciences at Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia. He taught Physics, Calculus and trigonometry-based Physical Science, Science Education, initiated and taught Nuclear Age Courses: The Nuclear Age and The Physics of Music. He was Faculty advisor for the Astronomy Club from 1992 to 1993. Akridge’s awards, honors, and grants include Tau Beta Pi honorary mathematics society, March, 1962; Sigma Pi Sigma honorary physics society, March, 1962; STAR Teacher in Georgia award, 1975; Eisenhower Grant ‘Physics and Astronomy Computer Simulation Workshop’, Cobb County Public Schools, June, 1995; Coca Cola Grant for Developing Microcomputer Based Labs. May 1996 - May 1997; Professional expert listed in Dr. G. Lewis’ IDE major equipment grant, and Leadership Kennesaw, 1994 - 1995.

Nicholas M. Aksionczyk M.S.

Mr. Aksionczyk earned his Master of Science Degree at California State University at Sacramento. His Master’s Thesis researched the celebrated Scopes Trial from which he wrote A Second Look (at Fundamentalism, the Scopes Trial, and Inherit the Wind) (1999)

William Foxwell Albright Ph.D. (1891 - 1971)

A Chilean-born American archaeologist and educator, noted for his work in the Middle East, Albright was one of the leading Biblical archaeologists of his time, heading numerous expeditions in Palestine, southern Arabia, and adjacent regions. Son of Methodist missionaries, he came to the United States of America at the age of twelve. Albright directed the American School of Oriental Research in Jerusalem from 1920 to 1929 and from 1933 until 1936. He received his Ph.D. from John Hopkins in 1916 and taught there from 1929 until 1958. He was also W. W. Spence Professor of Semitic Languages from 1930 to 1958. He was President of the Palestinian Exploration Society from 1921 to 1922 and from 1934 to 1935; President of the American Oriental Society from 1935 to 1936; President of the Society of Biblical Literature from 1938 to 1939 and President of the International Organization of Old Testament Scholars from 1956 to 1957. He also served on various committees of the American Philosophical Society, in particular the Research Committee.

Albright was known for his identification of “lost” Biblical towns and his use of potsherds to date archaeological finds. He made innumerable contributions to Middle Eastern Archaeology. He was involved with interpretation of the Dead Sea Scrolls. No archaeologist before or since has attained to his level of achievements across the spectrum of requisite disciplines (Semitic languages, Middle Eastern History and Archaeological techniques).

Timothy Alferov

Alferov is a leading Biblical Creationist with the Russian Orthodox Church from Lybytino, a village in Russia’s Novgorod area.

James S. Allan Ph.D.

Dr. Allan holds a B.S. in Agriculture from the University of Natal, a Master of Science Degree in Agriculture from Stellenbosch, and a Ph.D. in Genetics from Edinburgh, Scotland. He retired as Senior Lecturer in the Department of Genetics at the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1992.

Dr. Allan has researched the genetics of fruit flies, snails, chickens, dairy cattle and fish, and taught students quantitative and population genetics, particularly in its application to breeding animals. He now lectures at schools and universities and also serves as an international consultant in the field of dairy cattle breeding.

Benjamin Franklin Allen (Capt.) A.B., L.L. B.

Mr. Allen was a retired Army Officer, and had considerable legal training. After starting in Civil Engineering, he finished with an A.B. and then a L.L.B. from the University of Arkansas. He worked in the office of the Arkansas Secretary of State for several years. He had done much geological fieldwork in the army.

David Allen B.App.Sc.

David Allen has a Bachelor of Science Degree in Applied Geology from the University of New South Wales in Sydney, and works throughout the world as an exploration geophysicist for an international geophysical company doing work for to the mining industry.

Mike Allen

Mike Allen is a Creationist Speaker in Ohio.

Roy M. Allen Sc.D

Dr. Allen was active in creation circles for several years.

Dorothy Allford M.D.

Dr. Allford was a Medical Doctor.

William Altland M.S.

Mr. Altland has a Master of Science Degree in Biology.

John Amer

Ralph E. Ancil Ph.D.

Ralph Ancil has a degree in Mathematics, and also studied Genetics, Biology and Resource Development. His Ph.D. is in Resource Economics, and he is on the Board of Advisors of the Agrarian Foundation. He was a Professor of Economics at Franciscan University in Steubenville, Ohio and President of the Wilhelm Roepke Institute. Dr. Ancil is an expert on the economics of the German economist Wilhelm Roepke, and the social criticism of the late Richard Weaver. He has written extensively on the inherent moral nature of economic systems.

Paul C. Anders B.S.

Albert S. Anderson M.D.

Dr. Anderson practices medicine at Taylors, South Carolina, specializing in allergies. He has taught Biology, Zoology, Embryology, Physiology and Abnormal Psychology at Shelton College, and has served on the medical staff at Bob Jones University. He was trained at the John Hopkins University, New York Medical College and the University of Michigan Medical Center. He is a member of the American Physical Society.

Barton P. Anderson M.S.

Barton Anderson has a Bachelor of Science Degree in Physics from Wheaton College and a Master of Science Degree in Aeronautical Engineering from the Naval Post-Graduate School in Monterey, California.

Ethel Anderson M.S.

Ms. Anderson has a Master’s Degree, and has taught at Grace College, Winona Lake, Indiana.

J. Kerby Anderson Ph.D.

J. Kerby Anderson is Director and President of Probe Ministries International. He received his Bachelor of Science Degree in Zoology from Oregon State University, his M.F.S. Degree in Ecology and Evolution from Yale University, a Master of Arts Degree from Georgetown University and his Ph.D. from Loyola University. He is a nationally syndicated columnist whose editorials have appeared in the Dallas Morning News, the Miami Herald, the San Jose Mercury, and the Houston Post. He is the author of several books and the host of the “Probe” radio program, and frequently serves as guest host on “Point of View” (USA Radio Network) and “Open Line” (Moody Broadcasting Network).

Kevin L. Anderson Ph.D.

Dr. Anderson worked as a Research Microbiologist for the United States Department of Agriculture at the Agricultural Research Service Midwest Area (headquartered in Peoria, Illinois) Ames, Iowa in the National Swine Research and Information Center. He is now Director of the Van Andel Creation Research Center.

Dr. Anderson received a Bachelor of Science Degree in Food Science and in Microbiology in 1980 from Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas and later received from KSU a Master of Science Degree in Food Science in 1982. He did graduate study from 1982 to 1983 from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia and in 1987 his Ph.D. in Microbiology from Kansas State University. Dr. Anderson did Postdoctoral Study at the University of Illinois from 1987 to 1991.<> From 1987 to 1989 Dr.Anderson was a N.I.H. Postdoctoral Fellow and from 1989 to 1991 was Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Department of Microbiology at the University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois. He was Research Microbiologist at the USDA/ARS/Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska from 1991 to 1992 and was Assistant Professor from 1992 to 1999 in the Department of Biological Sciences at Mississippi State University, Mississippi.

Dr. Anderson has been awarded numerous research grants including grants awarded from the U.S. Department of Energy, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and other industries totaling nearly $600,000.

Dr. Anderson is a member of the Anaerobe Society of the Americas and the American Society of Microbiology. He has scientific interests in anaerobic bacteria, molecular microbiology/genetics, the genetics of antibiotics resistance and nonrandom mutagenesis.

Ross S. Anderson Ph.D.

Dr. Anderson is Professor of Biological Sciences at the Master’s College, in Santa Clarita, California. He received his Bachelor of Arts Degree from Austin College, a M.B.S. from the University of Colorado, and a Ph.D. in Biochemistry from Baylor College of Medicine.

Dr. Anderson’s expertise lies in the area of cellular and sub cellular Biology. He taught Biochemistry and helped direct the research activities of graduate and medical students at Baylor College of Medicine. He was an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at Lamar University, a state university in Texas, he taught Advance Physiology, Cell and Molecular Biology/Histology, Immunology, and Endocrinology as well as directed the research projects of graduate students.

Dr. Anderson’s research interests include structure-function studies of DNA polymerizing enzymes, serotonin receptors of the mammalian eye, and the synthesis and expression of synthetic genes. He has authored or co authored several publications in major, peer-reviewed journals.

Dr. Anderson is a member of the American Chemical Society; Sigma Xi Research Society, and the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society.

Niels-Erik Andreasen Ph.D.

Dr. Andreasen is President of Andrews University in Berrien Springs, Michigan.

Gabriela Andrei M.S.

Mr. Andrei is with the Institute of Geodynamics, the Roman Academy, in Bucharest, Romania and has a Master of Science Degree in Physics.

John M. Andresen

Edgar Harold Andrews Ph.D., FinstP, D.Sc., FIM, CEng, CPhys (Dec.16, 1932- )

Edgar H. Andrews graduated in 1953 with a Bachelor of Science Degree with Honors in Theoretical Physics and his Ph.D. in Physics in 1961 both from the University of London. He received a FinstP in 1962 and was awarded his D.Sc. in Physics from the University of London for his published work in polymer physics in 1968. He received a FIM, CEng in 1970 and also received a CPhys. and was awarded the A.A. Griffith Medal in 1971. He was Professor of Materials and Head, Department of Materials Science at Queen Mary and Westfield College (University of London) from 1968 to 1981. He was Dean of Engineering there from 1970 to 1973. He has published over 110 scientific research articles and several books.

Richard B. Andrews Dip.Eng. B.Sc., M.I.E.E.

Richard Andrews received his Degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Bristol in England before joining Standard Telephones and Cables (now part of I.T.T., the international communications company), to work on the development of radio. In 1950, he was elected a member of the prestigious Institute of Electrical Engineers. He was with I.T.T. for 35 years.

John Ankerberg M.A., D.Min.

John Ankerberg has a Bachelor of Arts Degree from the University of Illinois, and a Masters of Divinity from Trinity Evangelical Divinity School with a Master of Arts Degree in the History of Christian Thought; M.Div., all with academic honors. He has a Master’s Degree and the D.Min. from Luther Rice Seminary, Atlanta, Georgia. He is the author or co -author of over 50 books.

Aila Annala (theol. Kand.)

Mr. Annala studied at Newbold College in England and at the Universities of Uppsala and Lund in Sweden. Has the “theol.Kand.” Degree from Uppsala (similar to M.Div.) with additional studies in Semitic Languages from Lund. He lives in Sweden and is an active member of the Swedish Creation Society “Genesis”.

Tim Anstine Ph.D.

Dr. Anstine received his Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry from the University of Nevada, and his Post-doctoral Fellowship in the Chemistry Department at the University of California, Berkeley in 1996. He is a Professor of Chemistry at Northwest Nazarene University in Nampa, Idaho. His interests are in quantum and particle physics, cosmology and eschatology.

Michael J. Arct Ph.D.

Dr. Arct received his Master of Science Degree in 1985, and his Ph.D. in Dendrochronology from Loma Linda University in 1991. He is currently with the Department of Natural Science at Loma Linda University, in Loma Linda, California.

John Gorham Arend M.S.

John Gorham Arend has a Master of Science Degree in Science Education from the Institute for Creation Research (2000).

Chad Arment B.S.

Chad Arment is a herpetologist with an interest in wildlife and natural history. His primary interests are snake husbandry, the natural history of North American reptiles, and the biogeography of North American herps. He has his Bachelor of Science Degree in Biology from Wright State University, Ohio.

Mark H. Armitage M.S.

Mark Armitage worked as a sales representative for Carl Zeiss, Olympus and Reichert for 10 years. He also owned Micro Specialist, a microscope and automated inspection dealership in Southern California for over 16 years. Armitage studied Biology and Plant Pathology at the University of Florida, is a biologist by training, and has been a microscopist since 1977. He has a Master of Science Degree in Biology, which he received in 1997.

Armitage is now an adjunct professor of Biology and Electron Microscopy at the Master’s College and Azusa Pacific University and he manages two electron microscope labs at Azusa Pacific University, in Azusa, California (one in the Department of Biology and one in the Department of Physical Therapy). Mr. Armitage’s photo micrographic pictures have been featured on the covers of International Laboratory, American Clinical Laboratory, Southern California Academy of Sciences Bulletin, and the Creation Research Society Quarterly.

Carol Armstrong (December 28, 1916 - July 19, 2001)

Carol Armstrong was born in Dodge City, Kansas. She received a Bachelor of Arts Degree from Kansas State College at Fort Hayes. Armstrong received her Master’s Degree in Child Psychology from the University of Minnesota. She had a number of book reviews published.

Harold Armstrong M.S. (1921 - Feb. 14, 1985)

Harold Armstrong was a man of wide reading and knowledge, especially in the field of Physics. He received a Bachelor of Science Degree in Engineering Physics in 1950 and a Master of Science Degree from Queen’s University in Ontario, which he received in 1951 and was on the Physics faculty there since then.

Armstrong had done research in Electronics and Semi-conductor devices. He was awarded the Medal of Physics and the Governor General’s Medal of the Faculty of Applied Science, at Queen’s University.

Armstong worked at the National Research Council in Ottawa from May 1951 through March of 1953. From then until September 1958 he continued this research for Clevite Brush Development Company (Cleveland) and Pacific Semiconductors Company, Culver City, California. From September 1958 until he died on February 14, 1985, he taught at Queen’s University. He was the Editor of the Creation Research Society Quarterly from 1974 to 1985.

Warwick Armstrong

Warwick Armstrong is Coordinator in the Sydney region in Australia for Answers in Genesis (formerly the Creation Science Foundation). He hosts a weekly radio program, “Now is the Time”. His professional background is in Marketing and he has wide experience in Communication.

Alexander Arndt Ph.D.

Dr. Alexander Arndt is the former Vice-President of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Medical Sciences Institute for Ecology Research. He is now Professor of Analytical Chemistry of Heidelberg University, Germany.

Russell T. Arndts Ph.D.

Dr. Russell Arndts graduated with a Ph.D. in Chemistry from Louisiana State University in 1969, and is now Professor of Chemistry at St. Cloud State University, Minnesota.

Melanie Aronhalt

Russell C. Artist Ph.D.

Dr. Russell Artist was Professor Emeritus and Head of the Biology Department at David Lipscomb College in Tennessee since 1954. He received his Bachelor of Science Degree from Butler University, and a Master of Science Degree from Northwestern University and his Ph.D. from the University of Minnesota. Afterward Dr. Artist pursued extensive graduate studies at the University of Zurich, Switzerland and, for five years was a Professor at Frankfurt on Main College, Germany. He is a member of the Academy of Science of Indiana, the Academy of Science of Tennessee, and the Academy of Science of Texas. Dr. Artist is now at Amarillo College, Amarillo, Texas.

Christopher Wayne Ashcraft M.S.

Christopher Ashcraft received his Bachelor of Science Degree in Biology from Wayland Baptist University in 1989, and his Master of Science Degree in Plant Molecular Biology from Texas Tech. University in 1995. From 1989 - 1991 he worked as a Research Technician in a tissue culture laboratory (the Cotton Fiber Production Laboratory), experimenting with mass cotton tissue culturing as a source of fiber by the textile industry. From 1991 - 1996 he worked on a thesis project during which he exposed invitro grown cotton ovules to various concentrations of Brassinosteroids, produced measurement of fiber productivity, and probed RNA blots to detect variability of Brassinosteroid responsive gene expression. His thesis was titled “The Effect of Brassinosteroids on Cotton Fiber Development.”

Ashcraft worked as a Research Technician in the Plant Transformation Facility at Oklahoma State University from 1996 - 2000. His work for his Ph.D. at Ohio State University was on the transformation of cotton with phytoalexins to boost resistance to microbial infections, and the transformation of Wheat with Glucanase to provide resistance to fungal infection. Mr. Ashcraft also worked on a project attempting to use Coffee, Tea and Mate’s cultures as sources of natural caffeine.

Ashcraft is currently a Plant Transformation Specialist with EDEN Bioscience in Bothell, Washington, near Seattle. He is working on genetically transforming Cotton and Rice with the HrpN gene to boost pathogenic resistance and productivity. He has been a Voting Member of the Creation Research Society since 1995.

John F. Ashton Ph.D., F.R.A.C.I. (April 11, 1947- )

John Ashton was born at Newcastle, Australia and was educated at Stockton and Warners Bay Primary Schools, and Gateshead High School, New South Wales. He received his Bachelor of Science Degree with Honors and a CSR Chemicals prize in Chemistry from the University of Newcastle. He received his Master of Science Degree in Chemistry from the University of Tasmania and his Ph.D. in Epistemology with an Institute of Educational Research Prize from the University of Newcastle. He is a Chartered Chemist and a Certified Practicing Chemist accredited by the Royal Australian Chemical Institute.

Ashton’s Educational Awards include the Lions Club senior high school bursary, a Commonwealth University Scholarship, a B.H.P. University Scholarship and a Tioxide Research Fellowship. This prestigious award was one of the highest paying postgraduate research scholarships offered in Australia.

From 1974 to 1987 Ashton held various teaching and administrative positions in technical and further education in Tasmania, including a five-year term as State Coordinator of TAFE Chemistry and Medical Laboratory Technology courses. His Achievements included drawing up the Statewide Curriculums for the following courses: Chemistry Laboratory Technician Certificate, Medical Laboratory Technician Certificate, Certificate in Applied Microbiology, Certificate in Corrosion Science, Certificate in Computer Based Chemical Instrumentation, and organizing state wide unification of TAFE science courses based on a common core subject system. From 1988 to 1999 he was Chief Chemist and Research Director for the Sanitarium Health Food Company, a leading Australian food manufacturing company operating eleven factories in Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom, with products made under license in South Africa, Ireland and Canada. His responsibilities included managing an internationally recognized food research group, directing a NATA accredited Chemical and Microbiological food testing laboratory, and supervising joint food technology and nutrition research projects with CSIRO and Universities in Australia and Overseas. Some of his achievements include the strong growth of the research and quality assurance testing programs, especially in the areas of microbiological testing and research. From 1990 to the present he was Co-joint Senior Lecturer in the Department of Food Technology at the University of Newcastle and an occasional lecturer on the Philosophy of Education, Faculty of Education at the University of Newcastle, and Research Associate in the Department of Crop Science at the University of Sydney. Ashton is currently Strategic Research Manager for the Sanitarium Health Food Company responsible for advising General Managers on matters relating to strategic policy, and managing joint research ventures with external research organizations both in Australia and overseas. Ashton was elected in 1992 as a Fellow of the Royal Australian Chemical Institute in recognition of his contribution to chemistry. He is also a Professional Member of the Australian Institute of Food Science and Technology.

Ashton has over 50 published articles in the areas of Chemistry, Food Technology, Nutrition, Health, and Environmental research. His research findings have been featured on Australian television and reported in major Australian newspapers and international science journals.

Alexander Grigorevich Asmolov

He was the former Deputy Minister of Education in Russia until 1998 and is now a Professor at Moscow State University.

K. Astles

Basil F. C. Atkinson

Mr. Atkinson was a former Under-Librarian of Cambridge University. He was active in the Evolution Protest Movement.

Ted Aufdemberge Ph.D. (Feb 1, 1934 - )

Ted Aufdemberge was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada and educated in Lutheran schools through college. He attended Concordia Teachers College, Seward, Nebraska from 1952 to 1956 and received his Bachelor of Science in Education from Concordia Teachers College, Seward, Nebraska in 1956 and his Master of Arts Degree from Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan in 1964, and his Ph.D. in Physical Geography from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan in 1971.

Dr. Aufdemberge did Post graduate work at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota during the summers of 1957 and 1958, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan from 1959 to 1964, the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan from 1964 to 1971, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon the summer of 1965, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Michigan in 1973, Capital University, Columbus, Ohio the summer of 1975, Lehigh University, Bethelehem, Pennsylvania the summer of 1978, and University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio.

Dr. Aufdemberge was Principal and teacher for grades 4 through 8 at Immanual Lutheran School in Brownton, Minnesota from 1956 to 1958 and was Director of Physical Education and teacher at Trinity Lutheran School, Mt. Clemens, Michigan from 1958 to 1964, Instructor of Geography and Residence Counselor at Concordia Lutheran Junior College, Ann Arbor, Michigan from 1968 to 1973, Associate Professor at Geography and Physics at Concordia from 1973 to 1978, Professor of Geography and Earth Science and Chairman in the Division of Natural Science and Mathematics at Concordia College, Ann Arbor, Michigan since 1978.

Aufdemberge’s non-teaching faculty assignments include: Acting Chairman of the Division of the Natural Science and Mathematics from 1972 to 1973, Acting Chairman of the Division of Natural Science and Mathematics, winter and spring quarter of 1973-1974, Chairman of the Division of Natural Science and Mathematics 1975-1976, Chairman of the Division of Natural Science and Mathematics 1976-1992. He retired on June 30, 1999 but still teaches part time.

Grant Proposals include the National Science Foundation Academic Year Extension of Research Participation Grant in 1967, a non-funded College Scientific Equipment Program from the National Science Foundation in 1976, an Aid Association for Lutherans for Computer Science Development in 1981 and a $7,000 National Science Foundation grant proposal for the Computerization of Concordia’s Physics/Earth Science Laboratory in 1987.

Aufdemberge is listed in American Men and Women of Science, 13th and 19th Editions, Vol.1, Tempe, Arizona: Jacques Cartell Press, 1976 and 1996; Who’s Who in the Midwest, 19th Edition, Chicago, Marquis Who’s Who, Inc., 1984; Who’s Who in Technology, 6th Edition, Detroit, Gale Research, 1988 and Who’s Who in the Midwest, 23rd Edition, Wilmette, Illinois, Marquis Who’s Who, Inc., 1992.

Jeremy Auldaney

Fossil expert Jeremy Auldaney has discovered and studied hundreds of fossils in California, Arizona, Colorado, Texas, and Utah. He has also discovered and studied meteorites in Arizona and Texas and is a Member of the Southern California Paleontological Society and the Inland Geological Society.

Steven A. Austin Ph.D. (Jan. 25, 1948- )

Steve Austin (born in Palo Alto, California) began his love of rocks at age three. By the time he was eight, he had one of the largest rock collections in his county. His hobby became a vocation many years later.

In the late 1950’s, Dr. Austin was known as the “Sputnik Kid” in what is now called the Silicon Valley of northern California. As a ten-year-old, he appeared on public television in the San Francisco area as part of an effort to motivate students to study science. Locale educators were concerned the old Soviet Union was scientifically out-distancing the United States when it launched the satellite Sputnik before an American satellite.

This science “whiz kid” eventually went on and received a Bachelor of Science Degree in Geology from the University of Washington, Seattle, in 1970. He received a Master of Science Degree in Geology from San Jose State University, San Jose, California in 1971, and a Ph.D. in Geology from Pennsylvania State University in 1979. His doctoral dissertation on coal formation is judged by some evolutionary geologists to be one of the best ever presented in this area. From 1971 to 1975 Dr. Austin was a Lieutenant in the United States Navy, serving as an instructor of oceanography, acoustics, computer data analysis, and intelligence.

Dr. Austin was a Professor of Geology at Christian Heritage College in El Cajon, California. He was also a visiting staff member at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. Dr. Austin is Chairman of the Geology Department at the Institute for Creation Research in Santee, California. He is a Member of the Geological Society of America, the American Association of Petroleum Geologists and Mineralogists, the Society for Sedimentary Geology, the International Association of Sedimentologists and the Geochemical Society.

Dr. Austin has had professional, peer-reviewed projects at both Mt. St. Helens and the Grand Canyon. His current research is on mass kill of nautiloids within the Redwall limestone of the Grand Canyon, radioisotopes of Grand Canyon rocks, and earthquake destruction of archaeological sites in Jordan. In 1999, he published his research in the prestigious, peer-reviewed journal International Geology Review. He has published several other articles in professional geological journals.

Swee-Eng Aw B.S., M.B., Ph.D. (Chem.Path.)(Lond), MBBS, Biochemist (FAMS) (London), FRC Path., MI Biol. (London).

Dr. Aw was Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the University of Singapore until 1978, and is now head of the Department of Nuclear Medicine and Director of Clinical Research at Singapore General Hospital, and Director of the Division of Endocrine Laboratories. He is the author of 56 technical papers in his field of biochemistry and nuclear medicine.

Thomas H. Awtry Ph.D.

Dr. Awtry teaches in the Division of Sciences, Department of Mathematics, at Louisiana State University, in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. He has studied the creation/evolution since 1985. Dr. Awtry graduated Valedictorian from Southwood High School in Shreveport, Louisiana in May of 1982. He received his Bachelor of Science Degree in Mathematics and Computer Science (Double Major), Summa Cum Laude, in December 1986 from Louisiana State University, Shreveport, Louisiana, a Master of Science Degree in Mathematics in December 1988 from Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana and a Ph.D. in Curriculum and Instruction (Mathematics Education) in December 1993 from Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.

Awtry was awarded the 1996-1997 Louisiana State University Award on-campus Instructional Improvement Incentive Grant for “Improvement of Elementary Education Mathematics Instruction.” The grant was used for consultation and development of two courses devoted to elementary education majors using the NCTM Standards format of hands-on and discovery learning. Dr. Awtry is the instructor of these two courses. Dr. Awtry was also awarded the 1998-1999 Louisiana SIP Grant for the Louisiana State University Award’s Project ‘Central Louisiana Elementary Education Project,’ the 2000-2001 Louisiana SIP Grant for Louisiana State University Award’s Project ‘Teachers Experiencing Reform Mathematics,’ and the F. Hugh Coughlin Endowed Professorship, 1999 - 2001.

Thomas has been a Phi Kappa Phi Member since 1986 and was University Chapter Vice-President in 1986. He has been a Member of Omnicron Delta Kappa since 1986, a member of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics since 1995, a member of the Baton Rouge Area Council of Teachers of Mathematics since 1995, and a 1998/2000 Vice President of Colleges. He and was the 1999 Recipient of the Louisiana Association of Development Education - Louisiana State University Outstanding Educator Award.

>Cevat Babuna

Professor Babuna is a well-known professor and scientist in Turkey. He is the Chairman of the Turkish Federation of Gynecology.

Edwin Back B.S.

Mr. Back has a Bachelor of Science Degree in Chemistry from California Polytechnic University and has worked as a research analytical chemist in the pharmaceutical industry for twenty-five years.

Paul Back CBE FEng MA (Oxon) D.Phil Bsc FICE

Dr. Paul Back (a Rhodes Scholar from South Africa) graduated from Oxford University in 1955 with a Ph.D. in Civil Engineering and joined Sir Alexander Gibb and Partners Consulting Engineers. He became a partner in 1970 and Director of the new company in 1989. His work has been mainly in dams, tunnels, and the hydro field. He has acted as special adviser to the Overseas Development Administration and World Bank on dam problems around the world (Philippines, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Croatia). Dr. Back is chairman of a Review Panel on Latvia’s major dams. He has lectured widely including principle speaker at Sri Lanka Association for the Advancement of Science, first Geoffrey Binnie Lecture to British Dam Society, invited speaker to the British Association for the Advancement of Science, and he has delivered many lectures to learned societies. He was Visiting Professor of Design at Oxford University from 1992 to 1998, and was awarded a CBE by HM The Queen in 1994 for his engineering achievements in the Third World.

Walter Baden

Donald G. Baker Ph.D.

Dr. Baker received his Bachelor of Arts Degree in Biochemistry and his Master’s Degree and Ph.D. in Physiology from the University of Toronto, Canada. He spent six years as a research associate in the university’s physiology and medical departments. He then became a special lecturer in radiation biology at the School of Hygiene, and Director of the Radiation Research Unit. He was a Professor of physiology and medical research until 1964, when he became a radiobiologist at the Brookhaven National Laboratories, Associated Universities, Inc. on Long Island, New York. Dr. Baden was a member of the Radiation Research Society, the Canadian Physiological Society, the Royal Society of Medicine (England), and the New York Academy of Sciences. He is author of thirty published monographs dealing with environmental stress and radiation injury.

James Austin Baker M.S. ( - d.1973)

James Austin Baker was Plant Quarantine Inspector/Plant Pathologist with the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plant Quarantine Division, in El Paso, Texas for many years. He has a Master of Science Degree. He was on the Creation Research Society Textbook Committee.

Mace Baker Ph.D.

Dr. Baker received his Bachelor of Arts Degree in 1955 and his Master’s Degree in 1959 from Biola College, California. He earned his Ph.D. from Columbia Pacific International University in Australia. He taught Mathematics in public schools for over twenty years and lectured in many nations on the creation/evolution controversy and completed one of the most comprehensive creationist books on dinosaurs in 1990. Mace has engaged in Creation research for more than 20 years and conducts seminars in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Guatemala, Ireland, England, Switzerland, Spain, the Netherlands, Germany, Russia, the Philippines and Hungary. He has been a guest lecturer at various colleges, has participated in excavations in Texas, and has conducted field research on dinosaur track sites in Utah.

Mace has been a featured speaker at the Annual National Convention for the Christian Educator’s Association in Washington, D.C. in (1984 and 1997), the Convention of the Northern California Home Educators, Redding, the Association of Christian Schools International, Northern California Convention (in 1992, 1993, 1998, and 2000), the Association of Christian Schools International at the Southern California Convention, Anaheim, California in (1992, 1993, 1997, and 1999). Baker has been a guest speaker on various Trinity Broadcasting Network programs in (1996 & 1997), a featured speaker at the Oregon Museum of Science and Industry’s ‘Dinosaurs of the Gobi’ exhibition in 1997.

Sylvia Baker M.S.

Sylvia Baker has a Master of Science Degree and has published one of the most popular creationists books ever.

J. Bakker

J. L. Baldwin

John T. Baldwin

He is Associate Professor of Systematic Theology Seventh Day Adventist Theological Seminary, Andrews University, Berrien Springs, Michigan.

James D. Bales Ph.D.

Dr. Bales was a biology Professor at Harding College, Searcy, Arkansas.

Inez Bardella M.D., FAAFP

Assistant Professor, Department of Family Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Phillip J. Barkley

Christopher Linda Barnes

Thomas G. Barnes D.Sc. ( -d: October, 2001)

Thomas G. Barnes was a Physicist and was Professor Emeritus of Physics at the University of Texas in El Paso from 1938 until his retirement in 1981. For twelve years he was Director of Schellenger Research Laboratories there, in charge of numerous important governmentally sponsored research projects in atmospheric physics and terrestrial magnetism (from 1953 to 1965). He was former President and member of the Editorial Board of the Creation Research Society.

Barnes received his Bachelor of Arts Degree at Hardin-Simmons University in 1933 and his Master of Science Degree from Brown University in 1936 while studying under the famous physicist R. B. Lindsay. A former research physicist at Duke University from 1942 to 1945 he was awarded his D.Sc. Degree from Hardin-Simmons University in 1950. Barnes also worked as a consulting physicist and was also former consultant to Globe Universal Sciences, Inc. in El Paso. Thomas worked in the United States Army Research Office in 1963. He is co-inventor and engineer of ‘Dodar” (an electronic sound ranging device), directional microphones, magnetic sensing devices, electro-chemical extraction devices, and seismic energy devices. He also jointly worked on the vector cardiograph, which was to be the first three-dimensional computer display to study the heart. Barnes was appointed to the Atomic Energy Scientific and Advisory Committee in 1963 and 1964 respectively. He was Chairman of the Committee on Openness in Science, which drafted the ‘Statement on Openness in Science’ that was signed by more than 700 scientists.

Barnes has published various scientific papers and textbooks including published articles in the American Heart Journal and the Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

Janet Barnett M.S.

Janet is a science teacher in a California high school. She has a Master of Science Degree in Science Education from the Institute for Creation Research.

Daniel W. Barnette Ph.D.

Daniel Barnette received an Associates Degree from Texarkana Junior College, Texarkana, Texas in 1973 and his Bachelor of Science Degree in Aerospace Engineering from the University of Texas, Austin, Texas. His undergraduate project was “Experimental Investigation of Supersonic Flow Past a Wedge-Cylinder Configuration”. Dr. Barnette received his Master of Science Degree in Aerospace Engineering from the University of Texas at Austin in 1977 with the thesis title: “The Effects of Massive Blowby on the Initial Trajectory of a Free-flight Rocket” and his Ph.D. in Aeronautics/Astronautics from Stanford University, Stanford, California, in 1984. His dissertation was on innovative solution algorithms for the finite-differenced parabolized Navier-Stokes equations and was titled “Numerical Investigations into the Parabolized Navier-Stokes Equations.” During his over 21 year career at Sandia National Laboratories he worked in the areas of rigid and non-rigid body dynamics, grid generation, flow solvers using multiple overset (generically overlapped) computational grids, and generating Navier-Stokes flow solutions. In 1993 Dr. Barnette joined the Parallel Computational Sciences Department within Sandia. He is now a Senior Member on the Technical Staff in the Parallel Computational Sciences Department, in the Aerodynamics Division. He has developed and implemented a domain composition method for use with overset grids on massively parallel computers. Proof of this approach was conducted for simulated ocean flow in the Gulf of Mexico and the Greater Antilles islands. He has also conducted research into the area of automated grid generation through tight coupling of the flow solver and the grid generation process and has worked with several visual graphics programs to view and analyze computational simulations. His current work involves modifying three dimensional Navier-Stokes flow solvers for use with overset grids and implementing the resulting codes on massively parallel computers and parallel clusters, and applications involving genetic algorithms on parallel cluster computers.

Walter R. Barnhart M.S.

Walter Barnhart received his Master of Science Degree in Biology in 1987 from the Institute for Creation Research. His M.Sc.Thesis was titled, “ A Critical evaluation of the phylogeny of the horse.”

Eric C. Barrett Ph.D., D.Sc.

Dr. Barrett is Reader in Climatology and Remote Sensing at the University of Bristol, in England. He graduated from the University of Sheffield with a first class Honors Bachelor of Science Degree in Geography in 1962, and a M.Sc. Degree for research in climatic change. He lectured as a full-time member of the staff in the English universities of Sheffield and Leicester before moving to Bristol in 1965, where he was awarded his Ph.D. in 1969, and a “higher doctorate” (the degree of D.Sc.) in 1982 for “his sustained and distinguished contribution to geographic science.” A Fellow of three select scientific societies, he was awarded the Hugh Robert Mill Medal and Prize of the Royal Meteorological Society for his research into the estimation of rainfall from satellite cloud imagery. Following spells at the Australian universities of New England and Western Australia in the late 1960’s and early 70’s, he became increasingly interested in the use of satellite remote sensing in developing countries and is the Dean of RADAS (the Radio Academy of Science), recognized as an expert in his field. He has served a number of United Nations bodies as Consultant, United Nations Disaster Relief Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Lecturer (FAO), or Rapporteur (UNESCO) and the United Kingdom’s National Representative on the Council of the European Association of Remote Sensing Laboratories. He has had research contracts from the European Space Agency and the United States Department of Commerce.

Dr. Barrett is author or editor of a dozen scientific books, over a hundred scientific papers, articles, and reports.

Paul G. Bartels Ph.D. (April 9, 1934 - )

Paul G. Bartels was born in Yuma, Colorado and attended Concordia Teachers Colleges, at Seward, Nebraska and River Forest, Illinois from 1952 to 1954. He attended the University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colorado, from 1955 to 1959 receiving his Bachelor of Science Degree in Biology and Chemistry in 1957 and his Master of Science Degree in Biology and Chemistry in 1959. Bartels taught Biology at St. John’s Junior College, Winfield, Kansas from 1959 to 1960. He attended Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee from 1960 to 1964 receiving his Ph.D. in 1964 in Plant Cellular Physiology and then from 1964 to 1965 did post-doctoral research work in the Department of Botany at the University of California, Davis, California on a NIH postdoctoral fellowship. His specialties are organelle differentiation and chloroplast development. Dr. Bartels was Assistant Professor in the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of Arizona from 1965 to 1968, Associate Professor from 1968 to 1975 and Full Professor from 1975 until 1994. He retired as Professor Emeritus in 1994 and from 1994 to 1996 was on half-time appointment. His Post Retirement Teachings include Visiting Professor of Biology and Chemistry from 1997 to 1998 at Alice Lloyd College, Pippa Passes, Kentucky, Adjunct Instructor of Chemistry from 1998 to 1999 at Pima Community College, Tuscon, Arizona, and Visiting Professor of Chemistry, Calvin College, Grand Rapids, Michigan from 1999 to 2000.

Some of Dr. Bartel’s honors and awards include “Best Paper” award for an article published in Weed Science Journal, 1979; ‘Professor of the Year’ in the College of Agriculture (1982 - 1983); Gamma Sigma Delta honorary society, and Sigma Xi graduate honorary society.

Dr. Bartel had the following fellowships: NSF Institute for College Science Teachers, Oregon State University, Summer, 1960; NIH Predoctoral fellowship, Vanderbilt University (1962-1964); NIH Postdoctoral fellowship, University of California, Davis (1964-1965) and NSF sponsored workshop on “Molecular Techniques in Developmental Biology”, University of California, La Jolla (1970). He is a member to the following professional organizations: The American Scientific Affiliation, The American Society of Cell Biology, The American Society of Plant Physiologist, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, The Japanese Society of Plant Cell Physiology, The Plant Growth Regulator Society of America, The Scandinavian Society of Plant Physiology and the Weed Science Society of America.

Paul has served as major professor and thesis or dissertation director for 15 graduate students and has served on Doctorate and Masters committees from the departments of Plant Sciences, Soil Science, Botany and Cell and Molecular Biology. He was also elected and served as vice president and president of the honorary society, Gamma Sigma Delta and on the educational and editorial committee of the Weed Science Society of America for seven years. In addition, he has reviewed manuscripts for Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, Weed Science, Canadian Journal of Botany and the Journal of Cell Biology.

Aron Barth

Allen C. Bartlett B.S.

He was in the Department of Geology at Baylor University, in Waco, Texas. He has a Bachelor of Science Degree.

Jonathan L. Bartlett B.A., B.S.

Jonathan Bartlett is Director of Technology and primary sytems architect for a custom software company. He is the author of 'Programming from the Ground Up' and writes technical articles on various aspects of computer programming for several online journals.

Bartlett maintains a creation/baraminology research blog at http://baraminology.blogspot.com/

R. C. Bartman

Paul A. Bartz M.Div.

Paul Bartz has a Master of Divinity Degree and was director of the Bible Science Association for many years.

Talib Barwani

Talib Barwani was trained in the British Royal Air Force in ground communications and subsequently worked in the faultfinding laboratory of Marconi, the international electronics company.

Robert W. Bass Ph.D.

Dr. Robert Bass was Professor of Physics and Astronomy at Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah.

Gary Bates M.S.

Gary is a Professional Research Assistant at the NOAA-CIRES Climate Diagnostics Center in Boulder, Colorado. He received his Bachelor of Science Degree in Physics from the University of California, Davis, in 1978 and his Master of Science Degree in Meteorology from the University of Wisconsin, Madison, in 1981. He is a member of the American Meteorological Society.

Donald James Batten B.Sc.Agr. [Hons], Ph.D.

Dr. Donald Batten was a consultant physiologist and research scientist for the government of Australia. He helped create a hybrid of the fruit species lychee (Litchi chinensis) and longan (Dimocarpus longana) and studied the hybrids of six species of the custard apple pie family, Annonaceae.

Dr. Batten holds a B.Sc.Agr. with first class honors from the University of Sydney (1969-1972) and a Ph.D. in Plant Physiology from the University of Sydney (1973-1976), Department of Agronomy and Horticultural Science. His thesis was ‘Induction of adventitious root formation in mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek)’. From 1976-1990 he was Research Horticulturist, NSW Agriculture, Tropical Fruit Research Station, Alstonville. He was Senior Research Horticulturist there from 1991-1994 resigning on January of 1994. Dr. Batten also worked for eighteen years as a research scientist with the New South Wales Department of Agriculture studying floral biology, floral induction, environmental physiology/adaptation (especially water requirements, effects of water deficits), plant taxonomy (especially at the sub-species level), mineral nutrition, and breeding of sub-tropical fruit tree species such as the lychee, custard apple (Annona spp.), and mango. Dr. Batten’s research in floral induction of lychee and mango has resulted in a complete overturning of previously accepted thought which was major impediment to scientific progress in the field as well as a cause for economic loss caused by erratic flowering due to inappropriate management of these crops.

Scientific Journals for which Papers have been refereed include the Annals of Botany, the Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, the Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, the New Zealand Journal of Crop Science, Scientia Horticulturae, Tree Physiology (Canada), Advances in Horticultural Science, and the Indonesian Journal of Crop Science.

Arthur LaGrange Battson III

Walter Bauder Ed.D

Dr. Bauder was Associate Professor of Chemistry and Head of the Department of Chemistry at Bryan College, Tennessee. He holds the Ed.D. in Science Education with a specialty in Chemistry from the University of Georgia.

William J. Bauer Ph.D.

William Bauer is President of the Bauer Engineering Company of Chicago, which has designed many of the major engineering systems in Chicago and around the world. He has a Ph.D. in Hydraulics from the University of Iowa and is the author of numerous technical papers. He is a frequent and effective speaker on scientific creationism and was Vice President of the Midwest Institute for Creation Research Center.

Carl Edward Baugh Ph.D. (October, 1936 - )

Carl Edward Baugh was born in Kennedy, Texas. He was a Graduate of Baptist Bible College in 1959, received his Bachelor of Arts Degree from Burton College in 1961 and a Master of Arts Degree in Biblical Studies with major course work in Biblical Archaeology from Luther Rice Seminar, Jacksonville, Florida in 1983. In addition to his degrees in theology, he holds a Masters Degree in Archaeology from Pacific College of Graduate Studies, Melbourne, Australia, and a Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Anthropology subordinated to the doctoral program there where he holds a Doctorate in Education.

Dr. Baugh is the Founder and Director of Creation Evidences Museum in Glen Rose, Texas. He is known internationally as a creation speaker and appeared on “Nova” in 1988/9 on a program in defense of Special Creation.

Michael Bauman Ph.D.

Dr. Michael Bauman is Professor of Theology & Culture and Director of Christian Studies at Hillsdale College in Hillsdale, Michigan. He is the book review editor for The Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society. He was a Research Fellow at the Kuyper Institute, Oak Ridge, Tennessee and a Lecturer in Renaissance Theology and Literature at the Centre for Medieval & Renaissance Studies, Oxford, England. He has authored 13 books.

Donald P. Baumann Ph.D.

Dr. Baumann serves as Professor of Biology and Chemistry at Cedarville where he has been at since 1964. He has served as Head of the Division of Science and Mathematics there, and was also Professor of Bacteriology and Chemistry.

Dr. Baumann received his Bachelor of Science Degree in 1960, his Master of Science Degree in 1962, and his Ph.D. in 1964, all from Iowa State University. Donald is a member of several professional organizations, including the American Institute of Biological Sciences, the Creation Research Society, and the Society for Industrial Microbiology.

John R. Baumgardner Ph.D. (1949 - )

John R. Baumgardner received his Bachelor of Science Degree in Electrical Engineering from Texas Tech University, Lubbock, in 1968, a Master of Science Degree in Electrical Engineering from Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, in 1970, a Master of Science Degree in Geophysics and Space Physics from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1981 and a Ph.D. in Geophysics and Space Physics in 1983 from there as well. Baumgardner was a Graduate Research Assistant at UCLA in the Department of Earth & Space Sciences from 1979 to 1983. He completed his doctoral dissertation at Los Alamos, developing a 3-D spherical hydrodynamics code ideally suited for simulating global tectonic upheaval, applying the code to the problem of thermal convection in the earth’s mantle. Formerly a project officer in the Laser Division of the Air Force Weapons Laboratories at Kirkland Air Force Base, New Mexico from 1971 to 1975, had been involved in computer modeling, design and testing of high power gas laser devices. He was a member of the Technical Staff in the Theoretical Division of Los Alamos National Laboratories and Consultant at Rockwell International, Rocket-dyne Division from 1978 to 1979 and from 1981 to 1984. He worked in the Numerical Fluid Dynamics Group of the Theoretical Division at Los Alamos National Laboratories. Dr. Baumgardner has served as staff scientist in the Fluid Dynamics Group of the Theoretical Division at Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico since 1984.

Dr. Baumgardner is considered the world’s pre-eminent expert in the design of computer models for geophysical convection. He is the chief developer of the TERRA code, a 3-D finite element program for modeling the earth’s mantle and lithosphere. His current research is in the areas of planetary mantle dynamics and the development of efficient hydrodynamic methods for super computers. Beginning in 1995 Dr. Baumgardner assisted the German Weather Service in adapting methods from the TERRA code as the basis for a new operational global weather forecast model known as GME that is now used in Germany and ten other countries.

Dr. Baumgardner is a member of the American Geophysical Union and the Mineralogical Society of America. His current research interests include three-dimensional numerical simulation of planetary mantle dynamics, global climate change, nonlinear rheological behavior and the development of efficient hydrodynamics methods, suitable for 3-D, both explicit and implicit, for massively parallel supercomputers.

Thomas S. Baurin B.A., Th.M., D.M.

Thomas Baurin received a Bachelor of Arts Degree in Chemistry from Lawrence College and a Th.M and Doctorate in Ministry degrees from Dallas Seminary and Trinity Seminary. Dr. Baurin worked for eleven years in industrial research and development, taught secondary and college level courses in science.

John H. Beach B.A.

John Beach of Ellicott, Maryland graduated from Pacific Lutheran University with a Bachelor of Arts Degree in Economics. He publishes a monthly newsletter on creation and works for the Federal Government.

Kenneth R. Beardslee

Since 1951 Kenneth Beardslee has been much involved as a high school and college teacher, athletic coach and, for a number of years, as a college administrator. He was General Electric Elfun, Detroit, Michigan, President from 1947 to 1948. He is Vice President of Spring Arbor University, Spring Arbor, Michigan. From 1961 he has also been continuously active in several capacities as a member of the board of education of the area public school system. He has a background in education, business, economics, and physical education.

Greg J. Beasley

Greg Beasley holds the position of Principal Analyst of Engineering with CityRail’s Track Investigation [Way & Works Branch] Planning Group in Sydney. He has a particular interest in paleontology, palaeoanthropology, and in the post-flood fossil record of humans and primates.

Walter J. Beasley F. R.G.S.

Beasley works for the Australian Institute of Archaeology in Melbourne.

Mark Van Bebber B.A., M.Div.

Mark Van Bebber received his Master of Divinity Degree with highest honors from Western Conservative Baptist Seminary (now Phoenix Seminary) of Arizona. He received his Bachelor of Arts Degree in Biblical Studies graduating with highest honors and several academic awards from Arizona College of the Bible where he currently serves as a part-time faculty member.

Horst W. Beck

Dr. Beck is an Engineer.

David Becker

David Becker, the Editor of the Watchmaker, the official magazine of the Morning Star Catholic Origins Society, is a Roman Catholic Priest.

Robert Beckett Ph.D.

Dr. Robert Beckett, of Northern Ireland, has a Ph.D. in Genetics.

William A. Beckman Ph.D.

William Beckman, a Chemist, has degrees from Youngstown University and Washington State University, and earned a Ph.D. in Chemistry from Case Western Reserve University in 1959. He was Professor of Physical Sciences at Southwestern Junior College in San Diego, California.

George Bedigian

Ruth Beechick

Dr. Ruth Beechick is author or editor of more than 100 manuals, workbooks and other items for learning, as well as several books on educational topics. She is a former teacher and Professor of Education.

Timothy W. Behrens M.D.

Dr. Tim Behrens graduated from Southern Illinois Medical School in 1982 and did his residency training in Internal Medicine at the Medical College of Wisconsin in Milwaukee. After a clinical and research fellowship in Arthritis/Rheumatology in Milwaukee, he spent several years performing immunology research at the National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland. He joined the faculty at the University of Minnesota Medical School in 1992 and is currently an Associate Professor of Medicine.

Dr. Behrens research interests include the genetics of autoimmune diseases, with a particular interest in the disease systemic lupus erythematosus. His laboratory also studies the molecular biology and development of the antibody forming cells of the immune system (B cells), and is generating and using various mouse genetic models to study these processes. Dr. Behrens has a long-standing interest in the evolution/creation debate.

Fredrick P. Beierle

Fredrick Beierle has worked in the nuclear industry for twenty- five years and now serves as President of RICKANO Corporation, a consulting and service company. Some of his duties have included reactor construction and operations, waste systems design, decommissioning materials and establishing pollution control centers. He serves on the board of directors of numerous organizations, including manufacturing companies, service companies and a life insurance company. He is also active in a number of societies, including the American Nuclear Society.

E. Calvin Beisner M.A.

Beisner has published hundreds of articles.

Gary Bell

Mr. Gary Bell is a renowned Marine Photographer.

Robert D. Bell Ph.D.

Robert Bell is a Professor of Old Testament at Bob Jones University Graduate School of Religion, Greenville, South Carolina.

Chris B. Bennett B.S., Ph.D.

Clarence H. Benson

Dudley J. Benton Ph.D.

Dudley Benton received his Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Tennessee. His specialties include Thermodynamics and Numerical Modeling. He has special interests in Thermodynamic Heat Transfer, Applied Mathematics and writing computer programs. He is now employed at P-Squared Technologies, Knoxville, Tennessee. Benton is the sole developer of over fifty large-scale computer codes involving thermodynamics, heat, mass, and momentum transfer, chemical reactions, process plant equipment, numerical methods and graphics.

Otto Berg B.A.

Berg is a consultant particle physicist with the Calvert Institute, Port Republic, Maryland to the National Aeronautical Space Administration and the Goddard Space Flight Center, Maryland for nucleation and growth processes related to the formation of pre-solar grains and planets, since 1991.

Mr. Berg received a Bachelor of Arts Degree in Physics and Chemistry from Concordia College, Moorhead, Minnesota in 1943. From 1943 to 1958 he was with the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington D.C. as an Evaluator. In this position he captured NAZI X-Ray equipment, experimented in Infra-Red Phosphors and 20 Million-Volt Betatron and Auroral Rocket Probes. He was also Head of the Radiography Laboratory for Experimental Foundry, Experimenter Manager in High Altitude Photography (also designed camera) and Electrical transients in Contact Separation, as well as, Airglow Studies, and as Staff Scientist.

From 1945 to 1960, Berg completed Graduate courses in Physics, Chemistry, Metallurgy, and Management, concomitant to his assignments. From 1958 to 1977 Otto worked at the Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland as a Charter Member on Orbiting Geophysical Observations (OGO)s 1,2, & 3: Jupiter Probe (AM-28) and Interplanetary Monitoring Probe (IMP); Mariner (Mars); Ranger (Mars); Explorer (Mars) 8 as an experimenter. As Project Manager, Rocket Photo Reconnaissance of Hurricanes, 2 Million-volt Dust Particle Accelerator, and 3 Aerobee Rocket Probes; As Principle Investigator (Overall Manager) in Cosmic Dust Experiment Pioneers 8 & 9 (Heliocentric orbiters) and the APOLLO 17 Lunar Surface Experiment (LEAM); and Head of the Cosmic Dust Section.

From 1977 to 1978 Berg was an invited research scientist in Lunar Surface Electrostatics, Hypervelocity impacts, and Lectured at the Max Plank Institute for Particle Physics in Heidelberg, Germany. From 1978 to 1983 he worked as a private consultant in space experiments on meteorite impact damage to space experiments, and ionization effects upon space experiments. Between 1984 and 1986 Otto was a member of a team for compilation of scientific requirements for the Starlab Project at the Computer Sciences Corporation in Silver Spring, Maryland. From 1987 to 1989 he worked at the Applied Research Corporation and from 1989 to 1991 he worked as Research Staff at the University of Maryland and Consultant to NASA Goddard Space Center.

Berg has four U.S. technical patents, produced “One of the Ten Best Technical Photographs of the Decade” in 1955, was rated best Salon Photographer, NRL Camera Club in 1957, recipient of several individual Achievement Awards including the U.S. Navy Superior Achievement Award. He was also selected to receive the 1977 NASA Exceptional Achievement Medal (only two were conferred in 1977), and received Honorary Doctorate - Honoris Causa - in 1994 for major contributions in space research. Otto is now Retired NASA Meteoroid Environment Panel Member, a Retired International Committee on Space Research, Meteoroid Panel Member, and a Member of the Civil Service Rating Panel in Science. Mr. Berg has authored or co-authored sixty-three scientific publications and papers and is co-author of the book ‘Interplanetary Dust’.

David L. Bergman M.S.

David Bergman was born in 1938 and was raised on a farm in central California. He received his Bachelor of Arts Degree in Physics from the University of California at Berkeley and his Master of Science Degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of California at Santa Barbara. He had seven years engineering experience in electronic circuit design and twenty-six years engineering experience in electronics systems development.

Bergman was Chief Engineer on a system called “the premier weapon in the United States Air Force”. He has extensive experience in design and development of radar-guided missiles, millimeter wave sensors, signal processing and countermeasures. His science research includes nineteen years on elementary particles and the nature of matter.

Mr. Bergman is founder and president of Common Sense Science, a non-profit organization set up to foster research and education on a theory of matter based on the Judeo-Christian worldview principles. He is Editor of the Common Sense Science journal ‘Foundations of Science’.

Gerald R. Bergman Ph.D.

Dr. Bergman earned an Associate of Arts Degree in 1967 from Oakland Community College, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan majoring in Biology and the Behavioral Sciences. He holds a Bachelor of Arts Degree, which he received in 1969 from Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan with the equivalent of a major in Psychology, Sociology, Biology, and Education He received Teaching certification from Wayne State University at both the Primary and Secondary levels and a Master of Arts Degree in 1971 in Counseling/Education from Wayne State University with a 3.71 Grade Point Average. He received his first Ph.D. from Wayne State University majoring in Evaluation and Research, and a minor in Psychology (4.0 Grade Point Average) from 1977 to 1987 completed 60 hours of graduate level course work at Bowling Green State University, primarily in the Behavioral Sciences with a 3.5 Grade Point Average. In 1986 he received a Master of Arts Degree in Sociology with a major in Social Psychology from Bowling Green State University with a 3.5 Grade Point Average. He was completing a second doctorate (Ph.D.) in Sociology at Bowling Green State University in Ohio until that school became aware of his creationist writings and denied his degree. Bergman also holds a Ph.D. in Human Biology and was awarded it in 1992 from Columbia Pacific University, San Rafael, California with a 4.0 Grade Point Average. From 1992 to 1996 he studied at the University of Wisconsin, Madison where he studied Geology, Philosophy, Nutrition, Chemistry and Meteorology with a 3.6 Grade Point Average. He also studied at the Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, from 1996 to 1999 receiving a Master of Science Degree in Biomedical Science with a 3.9 Grade Point Average, and a Masters of Public Health Degree. Dr. Bergman is also attending the University of Toledo and Bowling Green State University in the fall semester of 2001 (3.94 Grade Point Average). From 1996 to date he is also a Graduate student in the Department of Chemistry at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio having completed 28 graduate quarter hours in chemistry with a 4.0 Grade Point Average. He also was a Graduate student in the Molecular Biology Department at the Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, having completed 102-quarter graduate hours with a 3.9 Grade Point Average.

Dr. Bergman was College Instructor teaching Psychology, Sociology and Corrections at Oakland Community College, Bloomfield, Michigan and an Assistant Professor at Bowling Green State University when he taught from September 1973 to June 1980, teaching general education, psychology and assessment classes on both the undergraduate and graduate faculties. He was an Associate Professor of Psychology at Spring Arbor University in Spring Arbor, Michigan and an Instructor of Math and Science from September 1980 to June 1986 at the University of Toledo. He was also an Adjunct Professor at Indiana Wesleyan University in Marion, Indiana. Dr. Bergman is now a Professor of Science since 1986 (teaching biology, genetics, biochemistry, microbiology and chemistry) at Northwest State College in Archbold, Ohio. Dr. Bergman was appointed an Adjunct Instructor of Pathology and Research Associate at the Medical College of Ohio on September 1998. He has also taught part time at several other colleges including Findlay University, Jackson Community College, Defiance College, Lorraine Community College, Terra State College, and Owens State Community College.

Dr. Bergman also has work experience at the Toledo Pain and Stress Center, Toledo, Ohio for about a year and a half and as a Psychological Associate (now licensed as a LPCC) at Arlington Psychological Associates, Toledo, Ohio.

Dr. Bergman’s work has been published in twelve languages and has presented over 100 scientific papers at professional and community meetings in the United States, Canada and Europe. His research has made front page in newspapers throughout the country, has been featured by the Paul Harvey Show several times, and discussed by David Brinkley and other nationally known commentators on television. He has been a featured speaker on many college campuses throughout the United States and Europe. His experience includes over ten years at various mental health/psychology clinics as a therapist and latter as a licensed professional clinic counselor; three years full time in corrections research for a large county circuit court in Michigan. He has served as consultant for CBS and ABC news, Reader's Digest, Amnesty International, several government agencies and two Nobel Prize winners, including the inventor of the transistor. He has been consulted or testified as an expert witness/consultant in almost one hundred court cases. Dr. Bergman is President of the Society for the Scientific Study of Male Psychology and Physiology. In 1983 he was elected a Fellow of the American Scientific Affiliation. He is listed since 1992 in Marquis Who's Who in America, Wilmette, IL, Marquis Who's Who in the Mid-west and the Who's Who in Who’s Who in Theology and Science, 1992 Edition, pg.18-19, Winthrop Publishing Company, Framingham, MA, 1992 and 1996 edition (New York, Continuum 1996 pg.32), and Who’s Who in America 47th Edition, New Providence, NJ. Dr. Bergman is also listed in Research Centers Directory edited by Maurice Michelle Watkins, Gale Research Company, Book Tower, Michigan, 1990 and in Internationales AdreBregister der Sektenarbeet Munchen 1997 - 1998. His library is listed in the Directory of Special Libraries and Information Centers (Gale Group, Farmington Hills, MI, 2001). He is a Member of MENSA, (requires members to be in the top 2% of the population intellectually). He scored 90% for verbal GRE, 68% for quantitative, and 98% for subject test. Dr. Bergman received the 1998 Edgar Langsdorf award for excellence in writing and was awarded Who’s Who Among American Teachers for the year 2000.

Dr. Bergman has authored or coauthored over forty books and monographs and over five hundred articles in both professional and popular science journals.

Altug Berker

Altug Berker is the General Secretary of the Science and Research Foundation.

Chard Berndt

Chad Berndt teaches high school sciences and writing. He studied at Gonzaga University and graduated from the University of Colorado school of engineering. Mr. Berndt has also written for Christian journals and outdoor recreation magazines.

Rod Bernitt

Kimberly Berrine Ph.D.

Dr. Berrine has a Ph.D. in Microbiology and Immunology.

Eberhard Bertsch Dipl.-Ing., Dr.Rer.Nat.

Professor Bertsch received his Dipl.-Ing. From Technische Ho chschule, Darmstadt and his Dr. Rer. Nat. from Universitat des Saarlandes. He was Professor der Informatik at Fernuniversitat, Hagen. In 1984/85 he was Vice-Chairman of Department of Mathematics and Computer Science. His published work includes articles on formal language theory, programming language design and language implementation. He is on the Faculty of Mathematics, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany.

Guy Berthault Ph.D.

Guy Berthault is a French scientist who has conducted experiments on lamination in sediments and as a result presented papers to the French Academy of Sciences in Paris in 1986 and 1988. He is a Graduate of the Ecole Polytechnique, France and a member of the French Geological Society. He directed the program of sedimentology experiments with State University of Colorado (Engineering Center) in the U.S.A.

Tom Bethel

Tom Bethel is The American Spectator’s Washington correspondent and Senior Editor to which he has been contributing a monthly article for since 1980/1981. He has also been a Washington editor of Harper’s, and an editor of the Washington Monthly. In 1988, a collection of his journalism was published by Regnery Gateway under the title “The Electric Windmill.

A graduate of Oxford University (undergraduate there from 1959-1962) majoring in Psychology, Philosophy and Physiology, Mr. Bethel came to the United States from England in 1962. He had attended the Royal Naval College at Dartmouth and served in Her Majesty’s Navy as cadet and midshipman. Initially, he taught at a prep school (Woodberry Forest) in Virginia. His main interest at the time was New Orleans jazz and its origins. His book on this subject was published by the University of California Press in 1977.

Bethel has also worked for a while on the madcap Investigation of John F. Kennedy’s assassination, conducted by the New Orleans district attorney, Jim Garrison. He recently participated in a History Channel documentary on the assassination. In recent years he has been a visiting media fellow at the Hoover Institution, Stanford. His current project is a book on the theory of relativity, based on the ideas of the late Petr Beckmann, former editor of Access to Energy.

V. Betina

Professor of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Biology.

F. von Bettex

He was a scientist.

Stephen Bewlay B.App.Sc.(Hons), M.Sc., GAIP, MAPS

Stephen is trained in the Applied Sciences in Australia and has held government and private industry and teaching positions. For the past number of years he has been employed as an underwater electro acoustic engineer for GEC Marconi Maritime Systems.

V. M. Biakov

He is a Russian Professor.

Joseph W. Bielecki B.S.E., M.S., M.S.

Joseph Bielecki has a Bachelor of Science Degree in Aerospace Engineering from the University of Michigan, 1990 and a Master of Science Degree in Physics from Wayne State University, 1993. In 1994 he received a Master of Science Degree in Astro/Geophysics from the Institute for Creation Research. He is a Graduate Student, Ph.D. Pre-candidate at Wayne State University in Mechanical Engineering. He is a Testing Engineer for North American Lighting Incorporated.

Verne J. Bigelow M.A., M.S.

Verne Bigelow taught College English for twelve years. He serves on the faculty of the School of Biblical Studies in Greenville, South Carolina.

Wendy Billock M.S.

Wendy Billock received her Master of Science Degree from the Institute for Creation Research. Her Thesis was a study based on the result of a behavioral experiment that she undertook at the San Diego Zoo.

Wendell R. Bird J.D.

Wendell Bird was born in Atlanta, Georgia. In high school, he was named one of the top 40 science students in the nation by the Westinghouse Science Talent Search; He was a National Merit Finalist; was the first three-time winner of the NASA-NSTA Science Competition Science Competition; won third place in the International Science Fair; won first place overall in the Georgia State Science Fair; received perfect scores of 800 on his three College Board Achievement Tests and his mathematics S.A.T.; and was S.T.A.R. student for the Atlanta Public School System.

Bird did his undergraduate studies at Vanderbilt University. He Graduated summa cum laude (and within the upper 1% of his class). Wendell was a member of Phi Bet Kappa, and studied in the Honors Program at Vanderbilt. He had a triple major in History, Political Science/Studies, and Economics. Mr. Bird was the first student in Vanderbilt history to exempt the freshman year (by special examinations) and to enter as a sophomore. He was a national finalist for the Marshall Scholarship for study at Oxford, England, and was Vanderbilt’s nominee for the Rhodes scholarship. Wendell received his Bachelor of Arts Degree in History, Political Studies, and Economics, summa cum laude, from Vanderbilt University in 1975.

Wendell earned his J.D. Law Degree from Yale Law School in 1978. He was an Editor of the Yale Law Journal and a recipient of the Egger Prize awarded by Yale Law School for the best legal publication. He had published articles in the Yale Law Journal and the Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy. Wendell is a Bar member in Georgia, California, Alabama, and Florida. He has Federal Bar memberships in the US. Supreme Court and a number of Circuits in the U.S. Court of Appeals as well as various U.S. District Courts. He is a Bar Organization member of the American Law Institute (only 2400 members nationally), the American Bar Association on Taxation, Section on Litigation, Committee on Charitable Contributions, Committee on Exempt Organizations, Association of Trial Lawyers of America, and the National Lawyers Association.

Mr. Bird is Chairman of the American Bar Association Subcommittee on Charitable Contributions, was Chairman of the Subcommittee on Religious Organization and was Chairman of the Subcommittee on State and Local Taxes.

Bird was Law clerk to Judge Robert S.Vance, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Firth Circuit, Law clerk to Judge J. Dickson Phillips, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. He has been Lecturer at Washington Non-Profit Tax Conferences, Adjunct Professor in Constitutional Law in Church and State at Emory University School of Law. He is listed in Who’s Who in America, Who’s Who in the World, Who’s Who in American Law, and Contemporary Authors.

Bird is Senior Attorney of a law firm of graduates of the top five law schools practicing in Corporate/Securities Law, Estates and Trusts, Nonprofit Organization Law, and Litigation. He was the second youngest member ever admitted to the American Law Institute, the youngest adjunct professor when appointed to Emory School of Law and the youngest member of his Yale Law School class.

Bird won one of the twenty largest judgments nationally in history ($129,000,000). He argued Edwards v. Aguillard before the U.S. Supreme Court (the leading 1986 decision), handled the national class action of PTL Lifetime Partners in Teague v. Bakker, etc. Wendell is general counsel to numerous businesses, has published a chapter in the leading exempt organizations tax treatise (Western Gorham & Lamont’s), a chapter in CCH’s Federal Tax Service (Twenty Five volume series), and articles in Practical Tax Lawyer, Tax-Exempt Organizations, Taxation for Accountants, in the Journal of Taxation of Exempt Organizations on nonprofit organizations; and articles on estate planning and Journal of Multistate Taxation

Wendell has published two books on constitutional law, articles on the establishment and free exercise clauses of the first amendment, was a speaker at the Bicentennial Conference on the Religious Clauses of the First Amendment in Philadelphia (on the bicentennial in 1991) and is a member of the Board of Governors of the Council for National Policy.

Philip Bishop Ph.D.

Dr. Bishop is an Associate Professor of Physiology at the University of Alabama and Director of the university’s human performance laboratory.

Victor G. Bitter M.S.

Victor Bitter graduated with a Bachelor of Science Degree in Environmental Health from the Microbiology Department of San Diego State University in 1981 and has a Master of Science Degree in Biology from the Institute for Creation Research Graduate School, 1988. His M.S. thesis was on heavy metal contamination of the local Tijuana River estuary preserve on the border.

Mr. Bitter worked about three years in sewage treatment research, and then began working for the City of San Diego for seven years as an Assistant Chemist in the fields of water, sewage, and industrial waste. In 1994 he co-authored a paper dealing with automation of low-level ammonia and fluoride analysis for the American Water Works Association (AWWA) annual conference on water analysis. He is a certified grade three-water quality analyst and water treatment operator, certified by the American Water Works Association, and the State of California. In 1994 he left the field of water analysis to become a farrier and contractor. He currently pursues private research in the area of home-based gray water recovery and treatment.

R. Russell Bixler M.A., M. Div. (April 24, 1927 - )

R. Russell Bixler was born in Boston, Massachusetts and attended public schools in Maryland. He enrolled in Western Maryland College and transferred to Bridgewater College, Virginia, where he received his Bachelor of Arts Degree in 1947. His college education was interrupted by a year’s service in the United States Navy. He lettered in basketball and track in college.

Mr. Bixler continued his education at Bridgewater College, where he received a Master of Arts Degree in Government in 1949. The next seven years were spent in the business world. He then entered Bethany Theological Seminary in Chicago, where he received his Master of Divinity Degree (cum laude) in 1959. Further studies were continued at Duquesne University and Pittsburgh Theological Seminary.

Mr. Bixler has published in Pulpit Preaching, Christian Life, The Leader, Messenger, and Brethren Life and Thought. He has written and edited for nine publishers on an occasional basis. His first book, ‘It Can Happen to Anybody! (Whitaker) published in 1970, has sold more than 160,000 copies in English and German. Russ is also co-author with Michael Gaydos of ‘Eyes to Behold Him’ (Creation House) and with Ray Charles Jarman of ‘Sunrise at Evening’(Whitaker). He edited the volume of teaching lectures, ‘The Spirit Is a ‘Movin’ (Creation House). Mr. Bixler has written a teaching manual entitled ‘When Nothing Happens (1981) and a popular book, ‘Learning to Know God as Provider (Whitaker, 1982). In 1986, he published a more technical book on the biblical doctrine of Creation entitled ‘Earth, Fire and Sea’, recently revised and enlarged. He wrote ‘Faith Works’, the 20-year story of Cornerstone Television (which he is President of) published by Destiny Image 1999. His book, ‘Unbreakable Promises (Baldwin Manor, 1987) is a survey of the biblical covenants. He wrote a commentary on the book of Genesis for the ‘Life in the Spirit Study Bible’ published by Thomas Nelson.

Bixler served for 20 years as the Chairman of the Planning Committee of the annual Greater Pittsburgh Charismatic Conference, a five-day teaching conference that became internationally famous. As part of the charismatic renewal he had a preaching and teaching ministry, which spanned the United States, New Zealand, Canada, and four European nations. He has been listed in Who’s Who in the East, Who’s Who in Religion, Who’s Who in Entertainment, and Who’s Who in the Media.

Dennis P. Blackburn ( - July 16, 1996)

He died on July 16, 1996.

David K. Blake

Donald F. Blake Ph.D.

Dr. Donald Blake was Assistant Professor of Biology at Walla Walla College, Washington.

Martha Blakefield

Blakefield is a teacher and freelance writer. She has published a home schooling newsletter for several years and has a strong interest in science and in education.

John Blanchard

Allan Bleecker Ph.D.

Dr. Bleecker has a Ph.D. in Aquatic Biology. He is a Member of the Biology Department at King’s College, New York.

Edward F. Blick Ph.D.

Edward Blick, an Aerospace Scientist, is Professor of Aerodynamics and Aerospace, Geological & Petroleum, Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering and formerly Associate Dean of Engineering at the University of Oklahoma. Dr. Blick is active in Aerodynamics and biomechanics research. He received his Bachelor of Science Degree in Aeronautical Engineering from the University of Oklahoma in 1958 and his Master of Science Degree in Aeronautical Engineering from the University of Oklahoma. Dr. Blick received his Ph.D. in Engineering Science from the University of Oklahoma in 1963.

Dr. Blick was Aerodynamicist working on Project Mercury at the National Aeronautics Space Administration, as well as the F4 fighter at McDonnell Aircraft Corporation, St. Louis, Missouri from 1958 to 1959. He has been Research Associate at the University of Oklahoma since 1959 and instructor at the School of Aerospace Engineering at the University of Oklahoma from 1959 to 1963. He was Assistant Professor there from 1963 to 1969, Assistant Dean of Graduate School from 1966 to 1968, and Assistant Dean of Engineering College from 1968 to 1969. Dr. Blick was a full Professor from 1969 to 1981, Adjunct Professor (School of Meteorology) in 1973, Adjunct Professor, College of Medicine, since 1974 and Professor in the School of Petroleum and Geological Engineering since 1981.

Dr. Blick has written over 150 scientific papers, and is President of Blick Engineering, Norman, Oklahoma.

Eric John Blievernicht B.S.

Eric John Blievernicht was born in July, 1970. Some of his significant High School Awards included: National Merit Scholar, United States Army Reserve National Scholar/Athlete Award and Michigan Math Prize Competition finalist.

Eric became a creationist in 1990 and a young-earth Biblical creationist in 1992. He received his Bachelor of Science Degree in Engineering Arts from the Michigan State University in 1992. He became a Certified Quality Auditor in 1998 and a Certified Quality Engineer in 2000. Eric works as a Quality Engineer (automobile crash sensors) at TRW Incorporated.

Blievernicht is a Senior Member of the American Society for Quality, a member of Access Research Network, the Associates for Biblical Research and a lifetime member of the Creation Research Society.

Richard B. Bliss Ed.D. (Oct.2, 1923 - Nov.13, 1994)

Richard B. Bliss was born on in Berlin, Wisconsin. He was a World War II veteran, participating in the D-Day invasion and the Battle of the Bulge as a combat engineer. He received five battle stars via the Battle of the Bulge. Bliss also served in the Korean War as a Master Sergeant.

Dr. Bliss received his Bachelor of Science Degree from the University of Wisconsin, Eau Claire, in 1953 and his Master of Science Degree from the University of Wisconsin, Madison, in 1961. He incorporated studies on his doctorate at the University of Northern Illinois, Colorado, Florida State, and Wisconsin, receiving his Ed.D in 1978 from the University of Sarasota in Science Education with a cognate emphasis in curriculum, instruction, education, and biology.

Dr. Bliss was a Science Educator for over thirty-six years and served as Director of Science Education for the Racine, Wisconsin, Unified School District. Bliss joined the Institute for Creation Research in 1976 as Director of Curriculum Development. He also trained educators at the Institute for Creation Research Graduate School, overseeing the Master’s Program of Science Education. He had held several leadership positions in state and national science associations and is listed in Marqui’s Who’s Who in Education.

D. A. Block

He was a Geologist.

John A. Bloom Ph.D., M.Div.

John Bloom received his Bachelor of Arts Degree with honors in Chemistry from Grinnell College (1974) and his Master of Science Degree from Cornell University (1977). He also received his Ph.D. from Cornell University in 1980. His M.A.R.S. and M.Div. Degree with highest honors are from Biblical Theological Seminary in (1983). He also received a Master of Arts Degree (1986), and a Ph.D. in Ancient Near Eastern Studies both from Dropsie College. Bloom is Lecturer in Physics, Ursinus College, Collegeville, Pennsylvania and Director, Bloomsbury Research Corporation, Hatfield, Pennsylvania. He is the author of articles in the field of biophysics and of research reports for the Interdisciplinary Biblical Research Institute, Hatfield, Pennsylvania.

Joe Blumer B.S.

Mr. Blumer is a fourth year Ph.D. student in Cell Biology at Emory University in Tucker, Georgia. He has a Bachelor of Science Degree in Genetics.

Christoph Bluth

Professor Christoph Bluth is the Director of the Centre for Euro-Asian Studies at the Graduate School for European and International Studies. His area of expertise is Soviet military and nuclear policy. He is author of a large number of papers and books in this field. Professor Bluth is now launching a new Master of Arts Programmes in Euro-Asian and Development Beyond Central Planning. Mr. Bluth is also currently engaging in a number of research projects on Euro-Asian issues.

W. W. Boardman

Hans E. Boge Jr. B.S.

Hans Boge is a Consulting Engineer in Winnipeg, Canada. He has a Bachelor of Science Degree in Civil Engineering from the University of Manitoba. Boge is a Member of the Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of Manitoba. His background is essentially in structural engineering but he also works on a variety of industrial projects coordinating all disciplines.

Raymond G. Bohlin Ph.D.

Raymond Bohlin is currently Executive Director and Research Associate in Life Sciences at Probe Ministries. He was born and raised in Chicago, Illinois, received his Bachelor of Science Degree in Zoology (1975) from the University of Illinois and a Master of Science Degree in Population Genetics (1980) from the University of North Texas. He also has a Master of Science Degree and Ph.D. in Molecular and Cell Biology from the University of Texas at Dallas (1984 - 1991).

Dr. Bohlin has been with Probe Ministries, International, Dallas, Texas since 1975 and has lectured and debated on dozens of colleges and university campuses. He addresses issues in the creation/evolution debate as well as other science-related issues such as the environment, medical ethics, sexually transmitted diseases, and genetic engineering.

James Montgomery Boice A.B., B.D., D.Theol., D.D. honorary (July 7, 1938 - June 15, 2000)

James Boice was born on July 7, 1938 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Since 1969 he was a teacher on The Bible Study Hour radio broadcast on over 238 radio stations. He was President of the program’s parent organization, the Alliance of Confessing Evangelicals.

Dr. Boice received his A.B. from Harvard University, and his B.D. from Princeton Theological Seminary. He also has a D. Theol. from the University of Basel in Switzerland, and honorary D.D., from the Theological Seminary of the Reformed Episcopal Church. He served as Chairman of the International Council on Biblical Inerrancy from its founding in 1977 until the completion of its work in 1988.

At the time of his death, he served on the Board of Directors of Bible Study Fellowship International, the Huguenot Fellowship, and was Chairman of the Board of City Center Academy, a college preparatory high school for inner-city youth founded in 1983 by Dr. Boice and his wife. Eight weeks after learning he had a fatal form of liver cancer, Dr. James Montgomery Boice, 61, died in his sleep on June 15, 2000. He was a world-famous Bible teacher and statesman for Reformation theology and wrote many books.

Jeffrey W. Bones M.S.

Jeffrey Bones received his Master of Science Degree in Geology from the Institute for Creation Research Graduate School.

Harold R. Booher Ph.D.

Harold Booher was a Senior Psychologist on the Nuclear Regulatory Commission in Washington D.C., and is presently a Senior Executive for the Department of the Army. He has a special interest in the history of science. He was the first senior Army civilian official appointed to direct the Army’s MANPRINT program.

Ernest S. Booth

Dr. Booth, Head of the Biology Department at Walla Walla College in Washington, wrote an excellent biology textbook in 1950. He also edited for many years a biology periodical called the Naturalist.

Frank Borman M.A. (March 14, 1928 - )

Frank Borman was born in Gary, Indiana on March 14, 1928 and was raised in Tucson, Arizona. He learned to fly at age 15 and graduated from Tucson High School in 1946 and from the United States Military Academy in 1950 with a Bachelor of Science Degree. He entered the Air Force in June, 1950 after graduating from West Point. From 1951 to 1956 he was assigned to various fighter squadrons in the United States and the Philippine Islands and in 1957 he received his Master of Science Degree in Aeronautical Engineering from the California Institute of Technology.

Colonel Borman became an assistant professor of thermodynamics and fluid mechanics at the United States Military Academy in 1957. In 1960 he graduated from the USAF Aerospace Research Pilots School. He remained there as an instructor until 1962 when he was selected by NASA as an astronaut. He served back-up command pilot for the Gemini 4 mission prior to flying on Gemini 7 with James Lovell, making the first space rendezvous with Gemini 6. He had accumulated over 5,200 hours flying time, including 4,300 hours in jet aircraft.

On December 21, 1968, Lovell, Anders and Borman became the first men to leave Earth’s gravity and orbit the Moon. Apollo 8 gave us our first close-up view of the lunar surface and of the Moon’s backside. Most significantly, Apollo 8 confirmed the technology that permitted succeeding crews to land on the Moon. Colonel Borman was assigned as Commander of that third manned flight. “In the Beginning God…”

Mr. Borman has been awarded the NASA Exceptional Service Medal and the Air Force Command Astronaut Wings. He also received the 1966 American Astronautical Flight Achievement Award and the 1966 Air Force Association David C. Shilling Flight Trophy.

Mr. Borman was NASA field director for space stations from 1969 to 1970, and Vice-President of Eastern Air Lines from 1970 to 1975, and President from 1975 to 1986.

Andrew G. Bosanquet B.Sc., Ph.D., CBiol, MIBiol, CChem, FRSC

Dr. Bosanquet’s background is in Biology and Microbiology. He is Director of the Bath Cancer Research Wolfson Centre at the Royal United Hospital in Bath, England and the Department of Postgraduate Medicine at the University of Bath.

Edward A. Boudreaux Ph.D.

Edward Boudreaux holds a Bachelor of Science Degree in Chemistry from Loyola University, a Master of Science Degree in Chemistry, and a Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry, both from Tulane University, New Orleans, which he received in 1962. Dr. Boudreaux spent twenty-nine years in graduate education and research in the area of Theoretical and Inorganic Chemistry and Chemica